̽��ֱ��search for immortality: tomb treasures of Han China

sjr81 — Sat, 05 May 2012 00:21:31 +0000

̽��ֱ��Search for Immortality: Tomb Treasures of Han China (5 May-11 November) will feature over 350 treasures in jade, gold, silver, bronze and ceramics in the largest and most important exhibition of ancient royal treasures ever to travel outside China.

̽��ֱ��Han Dynasty established the basis for unified rule of China up to the present day. To maintain this hard-won empire the Han emperors had to engage in a constant struggle for power and legitimacy, with contests that took place on symbolic battlefields as much as on real ones. While written accounts provide an outline of these events, it is through the stunning archaeological discoveries of recent decades that the full drama and spectacle of this critical episode in Chinese history has been brought to life.

Dr Timothy Potts, Director of the Fitzwilliam Museum, commented: “It is impossible to overstate the importance of the Han Dynasty in the formation of a Chinese national culture and identity. At the time of the ancient Romans, the Han emperors were the first to unify a large part of the regions we now know as China under a sustained empire, which they ruled virtually unchallenged for 400 years.

" ̽��ֱ��Han Dynasty gave its name to the Chinese language, its script and the vast majority of the Chinese people. It was arguably the defining period of China’s history and the point of genesis for the China of today.

" ̽��ֱ��spectacular objects in this exhibition bring to Cambridge the finest treasures from the tombs of the Han royal family, the superb goldwork, jades and other exquisitely crafted offerings the kings chose to be buried with on their journey to the afterlife. For their artistry, refinement and pure beauty they rival anything from the ancient world.”

This pioneering exhibition will compare the spectacular tombs of two rival power factions: the Han imperial family in the northern ‘cradle’ of Chinese history, and the Kingdom of Nanyue in the south, whose capital in modern-day Guangzhou formed the gateway to the rich trade routes of the China Sea and Indian Ocean.

Objects from these tombs have never before been displayed together as a single exhibition. Through the exhibition it is revealed how, in both life and in death, Empire and Kingdom played a diplomatic game of cat and mouse, one to assert its supremacy, the other to preserve its autonomy.

Protected by clay guardians and surrounded by jade and gold, the monarchs’ tombs were palaces fit for immortals. Each tomb was a symbol of power and majesty, designed to ensure that its owner continued to enjoy in the afterlife the same comforts and privileges afforded to them in life. In showing these two tombs together, ̽��ֱ��Search for Immortality sheds new light on a critical period of China’s early history. ̽��ֱ��exhibition will only be seen in Cambridge.

Curator of the exhibition, Dr James Lin, commented: “It is immensely exciting that we are able to compare these unique discoveries from two rival kingdoms for the first time in Cambridge, as the archaeology allows us to tell a story that textual evidence simply does not reveal.

"It is known from written records that the first Han Emperor and the first King of Nanyue vied with each other for power and legitimacy in southern China; this exhibition shows how the struggle to be known as ‘emperor’ in the southern borderlands continued into the second generation of the Nanyue kingdom, an episode mostly passed over in the historical chronicles.

"Through a direct comparison of the tomb treasures from the Han imperial family with those of the second king of Nanyue, Zhao Mo, the exhibition shows how the latter’s funerary splendour continued to be styled on that of the Han heartland, often reaching the same level of exquisite artistry. This provides a new perspective on the Han period and how the imperial family continued to exert its influence, through both arms and art, to maintain control of their vast empire.”

Founded in 206 BC, the Han Dynasty followed the collapse and disintegration of the Qin Empire, which had been established only fifteen years earlier by China’s First Emperor, Qinshihuangdi. Except for a brief interruption in 9-25 AD, the Han emperors were to rule much of China for the next 400 years until 220 AD.

Contemporaneous with the late republic and early Roman Empire, the Han is considered the ‘classical’ period of Chinese history and, at the time of the birth of Christ, was as great in population and power as the Romans. It saw the emergence of cultural values, ideologies and institutions which have remained central to Chinese identity ever since. During this period Confucianism, with its emphasis on loyalty to family and to the Emperor, was first adopted as the official ideology.

It was also then that rigorous state examinations for selecting civil servants on the basis of merit rather than hereditary status were first introduced. In China today ‘Han’ is often used interchangeably with ‘Chinese’: the language is referred to as the Han language – Hanyu; Chinese script as Han writing – Hanzi; and over 90% of Chinese nationals regard themselves as Han Chinese – Hanren.

Zhao Tuo, a former commander in the army of the First Emperor, established the independent state of Nanyue in 204 BC. Its capital Panyu is modern-day Guangzhou (Canton) and was then, as now, a busy commercial port and an eastern terminus of the ancient maritime Silk Route.

In 196 BC Emperor Gaozu, founder of the Han Dynasty, sent an envoy demanding that Nanyue founding king, Zhao Tuo, submit to his authority. Zhao Tuo agreed and Nanyue was granted formal status as a vassal state of the Han Empire.

Yet only a year later, having gained the allegiance of two neighbouring states, Zhao Tuo declared himself Emperor. After two years of conflict, Zhao Tuo once more ‘submitted’ to the Han ruler, though both he and his successors continued to style themselves ‘Emperor’ at home, using the lesser title of ‘King’ only in their dealings with the Han court.

̽��ֱ��exhibition compares the tomb of Zhao Mo, Zhao Tuo’s grandson and successor from the Southern Nanyue kingdom, with the astonishing finds from three of the major northern Han tombs of the kings of Chu, a branch of the imperial family that had been granted this kingdom by the emperor.

This is the first time such a comparison of the splendour and treasures of these two sets of rival tombs has been made.

̽��ֱ��exhibition will reflect the layout of the funerary goods within the tombs, giving a sense of what it would have been like to walk through one of these tombs for the first time: being met by tomb guardians, progressing into the principal chambers with pottery servants, musical instruments and other treasures, and finally coming upon the inner sanctum with the burials of the kings themselves. Highlights include:• two jade burial armour suits belonging to the rival rulers, painstakingly made from thousands of plaques of jade, sewn together with gold or silk thread

• lavish burial furnishings in jade thought to ward off demons or to serve the emperor in the afterlife, such as a jade cup to catch the morning dew that ensured immortality

• spectacular objects in gold, including imperial seals and exotically decorated belt buckles

• pottery soldiers and bronze weapons

• pottery dancers, musicians and servants

• unusual artefacts including a toilet and an early ginger grater.

̽��ֱ��Search for Immortality: Tomb Treasures of Han China has been made possible through the generous permission of China’s State Administration for Cultural Heritage, Art Exhibitions China, Xuzhou Museum and the Museum of the Mausoleum of the Nanyue Kings. ̽��ֱ��exhibition is part of the London 2012 Festival, a spectacular 12-week nationwide celebration from 21 June to 9 September 2012, bringing together leading artists from across the world with the very best from the UK.

In the first exhibition of its kind, the Fitzwilliam Museum will relate the story of the quest for immortality and struggle for imperial legitimacy in ancient China’s Han Dynasty.

̽��ֱ��spectacular objects in this exhibition bring to Cambridge the finest treasures from the tombs of the Han royal family.

Dr Timothy Potts

Fitzwilliam Museum

Tomb Treasures from Han China

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Yes

Jade: 'Stone of Heaven'

bjb42 — Thu, 01 May 2008 15:40:05 +0000

China is unique in the degree to which it has assimilated jade into its rituals, its religion and its art. Jade has been regarded historically as possessing mystical powers to ward off evil, and was considered by many as a metaphor for longevity, wisdom and purity. It is perhaps no surprise that the Mandarin character for jade, yu, symbolises the linking of heaven and earth.

̽��ֱ��Fitzwilliam Museum houses about 200 jades and other hardstones covering almost the whole of Chinese history from the Neolithic to the 20th century. Dr James Lin, Assistant Keeper of Applied Art in the Museum, and affiliated to the ̽��ֱ��’s Faculty of Asian and Middle Eastern Studies, has been researching the history of the collection. With funding from the British Academy, Dr Lin has travelled to different parts of China to view excavations of ancient tombs and to discuss the Museum’s jade collection with curators and scholars.

By Royal appointment

Ownership of jade was a privilege of the richest members of society, particularly the Imperial family. ̽��ֱ��Museum collection includes several pieces that belonged to the Emperor Qianlong, who reigned AD 1736–1795, and was the fourth Qing Emperor to rule over the Manchu Empire. An art lover, collector and sponsor, his love of jade inspired him to compose thousands of poems about the stone.

After pacifying the rebels in Xinjiang province in 1758, the Qing court gained access to jade from Khotan. ̽��ֱ��jade was mined and carefully shipped to Beijing to be carved in the Imperial workshop. Qianlong often emphasised in his poems that jade should not be wasted on common craftsmen – only the most skilled practitioners, capable of amazing feats of beauty, should be allowed to fashion works of art from the jade. A typical example in the collection is a horn-shaped drinking cup known as a rhyton. Dr Lin’s research has found an imperial document recording that it was presented to Qianlong for approval in 1787 and that he ordered a poem, still visible today, to be incised around its inner edge.

̽��ֱ��lost poem

As well as being used to create trinkets and gifts, jade was used in death for ritual objects buried in tombs. Excavation of tombs from the Han dynasty (BC 206–AD 220) has uncovered superb jade suits used to encase the bodies of Imperial family members. One such object held in the collection – a jade disc used to cover the body of a high-ranking individual – has yielded a fascinating history. Dr Lin recently discovered a poem incised along its rim. Because of the greyish-green, brown-speckled colouring of the disc, and the tiny edge along which it was inscribed, the poem had long been missed, perhaps for centuries. But rather than the poem being an original inscription, research showed that this was yet another example of Qianlong’s love of artistry in jade: he believed that this disc was used as a ritual object to sacrifice to the deities and added the poem in 1769, after it became part of his collection.

This discovery is all the more compelling for its demonstration that objects may lose their original function and meaning once they have lost their original context. As the rest of the collection is catalogued, further remarkable stories of jade in China are sure to unfold.

For more information, please contact the author Dr James Lin (jcsl3@cam.ac.uk) at ̽��ֱ��Fitzwilliam Museum.

Treasured and venerated for thousands of years, jade holds a special place in the history and culture of the Chinese Empire.

Jade has been regarded historically as possessing mystical powers to ward off evil, and was considered by many as a metaphor for longevity, wisdom and purity.

̽��ֱ��Fitzwilliam Museum

Jade rhyton 1787

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Licence. If you use this content on your site please link back to this page.

Yes

̽��ֱ�� of Cambridge - James Lin

̽��ֱ��search for immortality: tomb treasures of Han China

Jade: 'Stone of Heaven'