̽��ֱ�� of Cambridge - Department of Biochemistry

Imaging technique allows rapid assessment of ovarian cancer subtypes and their response to treatment

jg533 — Fri, 06 Dec 2024 09:17:27 +0000

̽��ֱ��technique, called hyperpolarised carbon-13 imaging, can increase the detected signal in an MRI scanner by more than 10,000 times. Scientists have found that the technique can distinguish between 2 different subtypes of ovarian cancer, to reveal their sensitivities to treatment.

They used it to look at patient-derived cell models that closely mimic the behaviour of human high grade serous ovarian cancer, the most common lethal form of the disease. ̽��ֱ��technique clearly shows whether a tumour is sensitive or resistant to Carboplatin, one of the standard first-line chemotherapy treatments for ovarian cancer.

This will enable oncologists to predict how well a patient will respond to treatment, and to see how well the treatment is working within the first 48 hours.

Different forms of ovarian cancer respond differently to drug treatments. With current tests, patients typically wait for weeks or months to find out whether their cancer is responding to treatment. ̽��ֱ��rapid feedback provided by this new technique will help oncologists to adjust and personalise treatment for each patient within days.

̽��ֱ��study compared the hyperpolarised imaging technique with results from Positron Emission Tomography (PET) scans, which are already widely used in clinical practice. ̽��ֱ��results shows that PET did not pick up the metabolic differences between different tumour subtypes, so could not predict the type of tumour present.

̽��ֱ��report is published today in the journal Oncogene.

“This technique tells us how aggressive an ovarian cancer tumour is, and could allow doctors to assess multiple tumours in a patient to give a more holistic assessment of disease prognosis so the most appropriate treatment can be selected,” said Professor Kevin Brindle in the ̽��ֱ�� of Cambridge’s Department of Biochemistry, senior author of the report.

Ovarian cancer patients often have multiple tumours spread throughout their abdomen. It isn’t possible to take biopsies of all of them, and they may be of different subtypes that respond differently to treatment. MRI is non-invasive, and the hyperpolarised imaging technique will allow oncologists to look at all the tumours at once.

Brindle added: “We can image a tumour pre-treatment to predict how likely it is to respond, and then we can image again immediately after treatment to confirm whether it has indeed responded. This will help doctors to select the most appropriate treatment for each patient and adjust this as necessary.

“One of the questions cancer patients ask most often is whether their treatment is working. If doctors can speed their patients onto the best treatment, then it’s clearly of benefit.”

̽��ֱ��next step is to trial the technique in ovarian cancer patients, which the scientists anticipate within the next few years.

Hyperpolarised carbon-13 imaging uses an injectable solution containing a ‘labelled’ form of the naturally occurring molecule pyruvate. ̽��ֱ��pyruvate enters the cells of the body, and the scan shows the rate at which it is broken down - or metabolised – into a molecule called lactate. ̽��ֱ��rate of this metabolism reveals the tumour subtype and thus its sensitivity to treatment.

This study adds to the evidence for the value of the hyperpolarised carbon-13 imaging technique for wider clinical use.

Brindle, who also works at the Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, has been developing this imaging technique to investigate different cancers for the last two decades, including breast, prostate and glioblastoma - a common and aggressive type of brain tumour. Glioblastoma also shows different subtypes that vary in their metabolism, which can be imaged to predict their response to treatment. ̽��ֱ��first clinical study in Cambridge, which was published in 2020, was in breast cancer patients.

Each year about 7,500 women in the UK are diagnosed with ovarian cancer - around 5,000 of these will have the most aggressive form of the disease, called high-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC).

̽��ֱ��cure rate for all forms of ovarian cancer is very low and currently only 43% of women in England survive five years beyond diagnosis. Symptoms can easily be missed, allowing the disease to spread before a woman is diagnosed - and this makes imaging and treatment challenging.

̽��ֱ��research was funded by Cancer Research UK.

Reference: Chia, M L: ‘Metabolic imaging distinguishes ovarian cancer subtypes and detects their early and variable responses to treatment.’ Oncogene, December 2024. DOI: 10.1038/s41388-024-03231-w

An MRI-based imaging technique developed at the ̽��ֱ�� of Cambridge predicts the response of ovarian cancer tumours to treatment, and rapidly reveals how well treatment is working, in patient-derived cell models.

We can image a tumour pre-treatment to predict how likely it is to respond, and then we can image again immediately after treatment to confirm whether it has indeed responded

Kevin Brindle

̽��ֱ��text in this work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. Images, including our videos, are Copyright © ̽��ֱ�� of Cambridge and licensors/contributors as identified. All rights reserved. We make our image and video content available in a number of ways – on our main website under its Terms and conditions, and on a range of channels including social media that permit your use and sharing of our content under their respective Terms.

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10 Cambridge spinouts changing the story of cancer

skbf2 — Thu, 17 Oct 2024 12:57:43 +0000

10 Cambridge spinouts on putting their research into practice to improve outcomes for cancer patients - and why Cambridge is a great place to do this.

Egging on vital research

jg533 — Thu, 11 Jul 2024 08:08:20 +0000

Jenny Gallop uses frog egg extract to figure out key cellular processes - which has helped understand and potentially treat two rare genetic diseases in humans.

New approach to monitoring freshwater quality can identify sources of pollution, and predict their effects

jg533 — Thu, 28 Mar 2024 18:00:43 +0000

̽��ֱ��source of pollutants in rivers and freshwater lakes can now be identified using a comprehensive new water quality analysis, according to scientists at the ̽��ֱ�� of Cambridge and Trent ̽��ֱ��, Canada.

Microparticles from car tyres, pesticides from farmers’ fields, and toxins from harmful algal blooms are just some of the organic chemicals that can be detected using the new approach, which also indicates the impact these chemicals are likely to have in a particular river or lake.

Importantly, the approach can also point to the origin of specific organic matter dissolved in the water, because it has a distinct composition depending on its source.

̽��ֱ��approach uses a technique called high-resolution mass spectrometry to analyse water samples: within an hour this provides a comprehensive overview of all the organic molecules present.

Water quality is strongly determined by the diversity of organic matter dissolved in it – termed ‘chemodiversity.’ ̽��ֱ��scientists say that the thousands of different dissolved organic compounds can keep freshwater ecosystems healthy, or contribute to their decline, depending on the mixture present.

̽��ֱ��paper is published today in the journal Science.

“Traditional approaches to monitoring water quality involve taking lots of different measurements with many devices, which takes a lot of time. Our technique is a very simple way to get a comprehensive overview of what’s going on in a particular river or lake,” said Jérémy Fonvielle, a researcher in the ̽��ֱ�� of Cambridge’s Departments of Plant Sciences and Biochemistry, and co-author of the paper.

To understand what drives this chemodiversity, the team reviewed studies of dissolved organic matter in freshwater samples from rivers and lakes across Europe and northern Canada.

For example, water analysis of Lake Erie in Canada revealed high levels of phosphorus pollution. By looking at the composition of individual molecules in the water sample, researchers identified agricultural activities as the source of this pollution, rather than wastewater effluent.

“Whereas before, we could measure the amount of organic nitrogen or phosphorus pollution in a river, we couldn't really identify where pollution was coming from. With our new approach we can use the unique molecular fingerprint of different sources of pollution in freshwater to identify their source,” said Dr Andrew Tanentzap at Trent ̽��ֱ�� School of the Environment, co-author of the report.

Traditional approaches involve separately measuring many indicators of ecosystem health, such as the level of organic nutrients or particular pollutants like nitrogen. These can indicate the condition of the water, but not why this state has arisen.

Dissolved organic matter is one of the most complex mixtures on Earth. It consists of thousands of individual molecules, each with their own unique properties. This matter influences many processes in rivers and lakes, including nutrient cycling, carbon storage, light absorption, and food web interactions - which together determine ecosystem function.

Sources of dissolved organic matter in freshwater include urban runoff, agricultural runoff, aerosols and wildfires.

“It's possible to monitor the health of freshwater through the diversity of compounds that are present. Our approach can, and is, being rolled out across the UK,” said Tanentzap.

Fonvielle will now apply this technique to analysing water samples from farmland drainage ditches in the Fens, as part of a project run by the ̽��ֱ�� of Cambridge’s Centre for Landscape Regeneration to understand freshwater health in this agricultural landscape.

̽��ֱ��research was funded primarily by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council and the European Research Council.

Reference: Tanentzap, A.J. and Fonvielle, J.A: ‘Chemodiversity in freshwater health.’ Science, March 2024. DOI: 10.1126/science.adg8658

Analysing the diversity of organic compounds dissolved in freshwater provides a reliable measure of ecosystem health, say scientists.

Our technique is a very simple way to get a comprehensive overview of what’s going on in a particular river or lake.

Jérémy Fonvielle

Sam Woodman

Study lake in Norway

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Cambridge researchers elected to Academy of Medical Sciences Fellowship 2023

lw355 — Thu, 18 May 2023 08:00:52 +0000

̽��ֱ��new Fellows have been elected to the Academy in recognition of their exceptional contributions to the advancement of biomedical and health science, cutting-edge research discoveries and translating developments into benefits for patients and wider society.

They join a prestigious Fellowship of 1,400 esteemed researchers who are central to the Academy’s work. This includes providing career support to the next generation of researchers and contributing to the Academy’s influential policy work to improve health in the UK and globally.

Professor Dame Anne Johnson PMedSci, President of the Academy of Medical Sciences, said: “These new Fellows are pioneering biomedical research and driving life-saving improvements in healthcare. It’s a pleasure to recognise and celebrate their exceptional talent by welcoming them to the Fellowship.

“This year, we are celebrating our 25th anniversary. ̽��ֱ��Fellowship is our greatest asset, and their broad expertise and dynamic ability has shaped the Academy to become the influential, expert voice of health. As we look to the future, the collective wisdom our new Fellows bring will be pivotal in achieving our mission to create an open and progressive research sector to improve the health of people everywhere.”

̽��ֱ��new Cambridge Fellows are:

Professor Charlotte Coles FMedSci

Professor of Breast Cancer Clinical Oncology, Department of Oncology, NIHR Research Professor and Director of Cancer Research UK RadNet Cambridge

Professor Coles leads practice-changing breast radiotherapy trials, has influenced international hypofractionation policy and is addressing global health, gender and equity challenges within the Lancet Breast Cancer Commission.

“It’s an honour to be elected as a new Fellow of the Academy of Medical Sciences. This is a result of research collaborations in Cambridge, the UK and internationally and I’d like to thank these wonderful colleagues, especially patient advocates,” said Coles.

“I hope to contribute to the Academy’s work to increase equity, diversity and inclusion within leadership roles, including lower- and middle-income countries, to enrich research and improve the culture in Medical Sciences.”

Professor Emanuele Di Angelantonio FMedSci

Professor of Clinical Epidemiology and Donor Health, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, and Head of Health Data Science Centre, Human Technopole (Milan)

Professor Di Angelantonio’s research has focused on addressing major clinical and public health priorities in cardiovascular disease (CVD) and transfusion medicine. His election recognises his many contributions both in helping resolve important controversies in CVD prevention strategies and in improving the safety and efficiency of blood donation.

“I am delighted and honoured to be elected to the Fellowship of the Academy of Medical Sciences, which I recognise is an outcome of the collaborations with many colleagues in UK and worldwide,” said Di Angelantonio.

“Research excellence across medical sciences and translation to health improvements has been at the centre of the Academy’s mission and I am very pleased to now be able to contribute to fulfilling this aim as a Fellow.”

Dr Rita Horvath FMedSci

Director of Research in Genetics of Rare Neurological Disorders in the Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Honorary Consultant in Neurology

Dr Horvath is an academic neurologist using genomics and biochemistry to diagnose rare, inherited neurological disorders, with a focus on mitochondrial diseases. Throughout her career she has combined fundamental experimental work with clinical studies. She pioneered the development and implementation of next generation sequencing in the diagnosis of rare neurogenetic diseases in the UK, leading to precision genetic approaches. She has established extensive international collaborations, having impact in Europe, but also for underserved groups in countries where such expertise is lacking.

“I am delighted and honoured to be elected to this Fellowship, which recognises the impact of my work. I would not have achieved it without the support of my excellent colleagues and research team, for which I give my sincere thanks,” said Horvath.

“As a Hungarian woman working in different countries before I arrived in the UK in 2007, I feel particularly proud of this award, which I recognise is an outcome of the open and fair research environment in Cambridge. This Fellowship enables me to further expand my research to develop effective treatments for patients with rare inherited neurological diseases.”

Professor Eric Miska FMedSci

Herchel Smith Chair of Molecular Genetics and Head of Department of Biochemistry, Affiliated Senior Group Leader at the Gurdon Institute, Associate Faculty at the Wellcome Sanger Institute and Fellow of St John’s College

Professor Miska is a molecular geneticist who has carried out pioneering work on RNA biology. His work led to fundamentally new insights into how small RNA molecules control our genes and protect organisms from selfish genes and viruses, and how RNA can carry heritable information across generations. Miska is Founder and Director of STORM Therapeutics Ltd, which creates novel therapies that inhibit RNA modifying enzymes for use in oncology and other diseases.

“Wonderful recognition of the work of an amazing team of researchers I have the pleasure to work with,” said Miska. “Most of our research has been done using the roundworm C. elegans. As Friedrich Nietzsche wrote in Thus Spoke Zarathustra: ‘You have evolved from worm to man, but much within you is still worm’.”

Professor Serena Nik-Zainal FMedSci

NIHR Research Professor, Professor of Genomic Medicine and Bioinformatics, Department of Medical Genetics and Early Cancer Institute, and Honorary Fellow of Murray Edwards College

Professor Nik-Zainal’s research is focused on investigating the vast number of mutations that occur in human DNA from birth, causing patterns called ‘mutational signatures’, and the associated physiological changes to cellular function, in progressive diseases such as cancer and neurodegeneration. She uses a combination of experimental and computational methods to understand biology and to develop clinical tests for early detection and precision diagnostics. Her team also builds computational tools to enable genomic advances become more accessible across the NHS.

“What an honour it is to be elected to the Fellowship. This is a wonderful recognition of the work from my team,” said Nik-Zainal. “We are thrilled and hugely indebted to all our inspiring collaborators, supporters and patients, who have shared in our passion and joined us on our path, exploring biomedical science and translating insights into patient benefit.”

Professor Julian Rayner FMedSci

Director of the Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, School of Clinical Medicine, Honorary Faculty at the Wellcome Sanger Institute, and Director of Wellcome Connecting Science

Professor Rayner’s research has made significant contributions to our understanding of how malaria parasites recognise and invade human red blood cells to cause disease. His work has helped to identify new vaccine targets, such as a protein essential for red blood cell invasion that is now in early stage human vaccine testing, and inform antimalarial drug development, through co-leading the first ever genome-scale functional screens in malaria parasites. He collaborates closely with researchers in malaria-endemic countries and is strongly committed to engaging public audiences with the process and outcomes of science.

“Malaria is a devastating and too often forgotten disease that still kills more than half a million children every year. Tackling it requires deep collaboration and working across disciplines. I’m enormously honoured by this announcement, which reflects not my work but the work of all the talented people I’ve been lucky enough to host in my lab, and collaborations with friends and colleagues across the world,” said Rayner.

“I’m excited to become a Fellow of the Academy of Medical Sciences because I strongly share their conviction that science is not just for scientists. I believe that dialogue, learning and public engagement are all fundamental and essential parts of the research process, and I look forward to contributing to their leading role in these areas.”

Professor James Rowe FMedSci

Professor of Cognitive Neurology, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, and MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit

Professor Rowe leads a highly interdisciplinary research team at the Cambridge Centre for Frontotemporal Dementia and at Dementias Platform UK to improve the diagnosis and treatment of people affected by dementia. His work integrates cognitive neuroscience, brain imaging, fluidic biomarkers, computational models and neuropathology for experimental medicine studies and clinical trials. He is motivated by his busy clinical practice and the need for better diversity and inclusivity throughout medical research.

“I am delighted and honoured to be elected to the Fellowship of the Academy of Medical Sciences. It is a testament to the many wonderful colleagues and students I have been fortunate to work with, and to inspirational mentors,” said Rowe.

“Research excellence, and translation of research for direct human benefit, comes from innovation and collaboration in diverse cross-disciplinary teams. I believe in the vision and values of the Academy as the route to better health for all.”

In addition, two researchers from the wider community have also been elected:

Dr Trevor Lawley FMedSci, Senior Group Leader, Wellcome Sanger Institute and Chief Scientific Officer, Microbiotica

Professor Ben Lehner FRS FMedSci, Senior Group Leader, Human Genetics Programme, Wellcome Sanger Institute

Seven Cambridge ̽��ֱ�� researchers are among the 59 biomedical and health researchers elected to the Academy of Medical Sciences Fellowship.

As we look to the future, the collective wisdom our new Fellows bring will be pivotal in achieving our mission to create an open and progressive research sector to improve the health of people everywhere

Professor Dame Anne Johnson, President of the Academy of Medical Sciences

Clockwise from top left: E. Di Angelantonio, J. Rayner, J. Rowe, R. Horvath, S. Nik-Zainal, E. Miska, C. Coles

̽��ֱ��text in this work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. Images, including our videos, are Copyright © ̽��ֱ�� of Cambridge and licensors/contributors as identified. All rights reserved. We make our image and video content available in a number of ways – as here, on our main website under its Terms and conditions, and on a range of channels including social media that permit your use and sharing of our content under their respective Terms.

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Photosynthesis ‘hack’ could lead to new ways of generating renewable energy

sc604 — Wed, 22 Mar 2023 15:57:53 +0000

Researchers have ‘hacked’ the earliest stages of photosynthesis, the natural machine that powers the vast majority of life on Earth, and discovered new ways to extract energy from the process, a finding that could lead to new ways of generating clean fuel and renewable energy.

Algae-powered computing: scientists create reliable and renewable biological photovoltaic cell

jg533 — Thu, 12 May 2022 08:43:43 +0000

̽��ֱ��system, comparable in size to an AA battery, contains a type of non-toxic algae called Synechocystis that naturally harvests energy from the sun through photosynthesis. ̽��ֱ��tiny electrical current this generates then interacts with an aluminium electrode and is used to power a microprocessor.

̽��ֱ��system is made of common, inexpensive and largely recyclable materials. This means it could easily be replicated hundreds of thousands of times to power large numbers of small devices as part of the Internet of Things. ̽��ֱ��researchers say it is likely to be most useful in off-grid situations or remote locations, where small amounts of power can be very beneficial.

“ ̽��ֱ��growing Internet of Things needs an increasing amount of power, and we think this will have to come from systems that can generate energy, rather than simply store it like batteries,” said Professor Christopher Howe in the ̽��ֱ�� of Cambridge’s Department of Biochemistry, joint senior author of the paper.

He added: “Our photosynthetic device doesn’t run down the way a battery does because it’s continually using light as the energy source.”

In the experiment, the device was used to power an Arm Cortex M0+, which is a microprocessor used widely in Internet of Things devices. It operated in a domestic environment and semi-outdoor conditions under natural light and associated temperature fluctuations, and after six months of continuous power production the results were submitted for publication.

̽��ֱ��study is published today in the journal Energy & Environmental Science.

“We were impressed by how consistently the system worked over a long period of time – we thought it might stop after a few weeks but it just kept going,” said Dr Paolo Bombelli in the ̽��ֱ�� of Cambridge’s Department of Biochemistry, first author of the paper.

̽��ֱ��algae does not need feeding, because it creates its own food as it photosynthesises. And despite the fact that photosynthesis requires light, the device can even continue producing power during periods of darkness. ̽��ֱ��researchers think this is because the algae processes some of its food when there’s no light, and this continues to generate an electrical current.

̽��ֱ��Internet of Things is a vast and growing network of electronic devices - each using only a small amount of power - that collect and share real-time data via the internet. Using low-cost computer chips and wireless networks, many billions of devices are part of this network - from smartwatches to temperature sensors in power stations. This figure is expected to grow to one trillion devices by 2035, requiring a vast number of portable energy sources.

̽��ֱ��researchers say that powering trillions of Internet of Things devices using lithium-ion batteries would be impractical: it would need three times more lithium than is produced across the world annually. And traditional photovoltaic devices are made using hazardous materials that have adverse environmental effects.

̽��ֱ��work was a collaboration between the ̽��ֱ�� of Cambridge and Arm, a company leading the design of microprocessors. Arm Research developed the ultra-efficient Arm Cortex M0+ testchip, built the board, and set up the data-collection cloud interface presented in the experiments.

̽��ֱ��research was funded by the National Biofilms Innovation Centre.

Reference

Bombelli, P et al: ‘Powering a Microprocessor by Photosynthesis.’ Energy & Environmental Science, May 2022. DOI: 10.1039/D2EE00233G

Researchers have used a widespread species of blue-green algae to power a microprocessor continuously for a year – and counting – using nothing but ambient light and water. Their system has potential as a reliable and renewable way to power small devices.

Our photosynthetic device doesn’t run down the way a battery does because it’s continually using light as the energy source.

Chris Howe

Paolo Bombelli

̽��ֱ��text in this work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Images, including our videos, are Copyright © ̽��ֱ�� of Cambridge and licensors/contributors as identified. All rights reserved. We make our image and video content available in a number of ways – as here, on our main website under its Terms and conditions, and on a range of channels including social media that permit your use and sharing of our content under their respective Terms.

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Cambridge academics win European Research Council Advanced Grants

cg605 — Tue, 26 Apr 2022 11:14:19 +0000

Nine Cambridge academics have won Advanced Grants awarded by the European Research Council (ERC). This is the greatest number of grants won by a UK institution in the 2021 round of funding.