̽��ֱ�� of Cambridge - James Campbell

Stairways to heaven and other places

amb206 — Mon, 20 Jan 2014 07:00:00 +0000

Students of architecture visiting Dr James Campbell’s rooms in Queens’ College, Cambridge, tramp up a steep winding flight of wooden stairs constructed in the 18th century and arrive on a narrow landing where they knock on the door marked with his name. ̽��ֱ��staircase they ascend and descend is typical of many in the older colleges at Oxford and Cambridge, uncarpeted and scuffed smooth by generations of undergraduate feet. Its timber treads and risers were made over two centuries ago by skilled carpenters or joiners specialising in the art. Repaired countless times over the centuries, how much original timber remains is anyone’s guess.

Campbell is passionate about the history of architecture and teaches courses on building construction, conservation and architectural history. He is a prolific writer and champion of increasing the understanding of the buildings around us. With historic building expert Michael Tutton, he is co-editor of Staircases: History, Repair and Conservation (Routledge 2014). Its editors describe the book as a practical companion to a curiously-neglected aspect of building design. In a single volume comprising contributions by ten experts in a range of fields, it covers the story of staircases, ways to describe and date them, the ergonomics of their design, the construction of their component parts today and in the past, as well as methods of conserving them as a vital part of the narrative of a building.

“Ever since we started to construct buildings on more than one level, we have needed some kind of steps to take us up and down between storeys. Many early staircases were constructed on the exterior of the buildings they served. Later they were incorporated into the interiors of buildings. In many cases they are central to the impact of architecture: stairs do much more for a building than simply take us from one floor to another. Like doorways and windows, they convey messages about the status and function of the environments that they are part of,” said Campbell.

“ ̽��ֱ��development of stairs, from the steps hewn into rock surfaces and ladders used to access sleeping lofts in medieval dwellings to the elegant classical designs of Palladian architecture, reflects the emergence of new technologies, shifts in fashion, and changes in the ways in which we inhabit buildings. We spotted a gap for what we hope is a useful reference book for professionals working in architecture and architectural conservation wanting to understand both what they were looking at and how they might set about designing better new staircases or repairing old ones.”

Staircases is a celebration of man’s ingenious use of shapes and materials. In putting stairways centre stage, the book’s 100-plus images reveal stairs in all their glory. ̽��ֱ��grandest stairs sweep and soar; the most dramatic defy gravity in their use of cantilevered structures to create an illusion of floating in space. Many medieval and Renaissance staircases are spiral or helical, favoured as sturdy structures economical in their use of space. Viewed from above or below, some take the shape of snail shells or ammonites; others are as playful as twists of sparkling barley sugar.

Examples of steps and stairs abound in the classical world where they contribute the sense of theatre vital to buildings constructed for ceremonial and faith purposes. Some of the world’s great pyramids are stepped structures on a giant scale. Flights of steps found set into the ground in the Nile basin had quite another purpose. Known as Nilometers, these stairs are a neat way of monitoring the depth of the water table as it rises, or falls, step by step. Built more than 3,000 years ago, they helped to predict the arrival of the annual floods so vital to the fertility of the land and the production of food.

Some of the oldest staircases in Northern Europe are found on the windswept islands of Orkney and Shetland. At the Iron Age complex known as Mine Howe at Tankerness on Orkney, the purpose of the stone stairs that descend deep below ground is unknown but it is possible that they represent a symbolic entrance to the underworld. ̽��ֱ��presence of stone stairways at dozens of other sites across the Scottish Isles and Scottish mainland points to a flourishing early tradition in stair-building using massive stone blocks.

Jumping to the 12th century and travelling thousands of miles eastwards, the Jam minaret in Western Afghanistan is a 600-foot tower with at its centre a helical stair built in brick around a central pillar – all made in large flat bricks with stunning skill. When the intrepid traveller Freya Starke visited the Jam minaret in the 1970s she described it as ‘alone and perfect’. In 2002 it became the first site in Afghanistan to receive UNESCO World Heritage status and there are efforts to protect it from threats of flood and erosion.

Also exquisitely beautiful is the main staircase of Albrechtsburg Castle in Meissen, Germany, designed by the architect Arnold of Westphalia in the late 15^th century: it displays a mastery of form and material that amazes engineers today. “This structure - with its flights of alternating concave and convex steps and its skeletal handrails - demonstrates beautifully how staircases have offered architects and craftsmen the opportunity to show off their skills and imagination, often with breath-taking effect,” said Campbell.

̽��ֱ��development of iron staircases from late 18th century onwards opened the door to ever more elaborate and fanciful designs which feature in many public buildings, adding to the grandeur of entrances to opera houses, hotels and banks. Among the most fabulous is the staircase of the main post office in Mexico City – the Palacio de Corrios – a building constructed with a steel frame robust enough to withstand earthquakes. A magnificent example of cast iron and bronze work, its staircase was designed by the building’s Italian-born architect and engineer, Adamo Boari (1863-1928).

For the non-architect, one of the appeals of this book is the rich language of staircases, deeply rooted in the technologies and craftsmanship of the past. We learn, for example, that banisters are more properly called balusters and come in a fabulous array of shapes and sizes. A balustrade is a series of balusters with a handrail. ̽��ֱ��word newel is used for the central drum/pier of a spiral stair or for the leading/end post of a balustrade. Nosings are the leading edge of a tread which overhangs the riser below. A soffit is the underside of a stair flight. Winders are the triangular steps used to change the direction of a flight of steps where there is no landing.

Asked to nominate two notable staircases among the many examples in and around Cambridge, Campbell cites the dramatic cantilevering stairs in the Law Faculty (designed by Norman Foster in the early 1990s) as “perhaps the most exhilarating in Cambridge, though possibly not in a good way” and the massive marble staircase in the main entrance hall of the Fitzwilliam Museum as “an example of a space where architecture and staircase are perfectly integrated and where the staircase is the focus of the design”.

Staircases: History, Repair and Conservation is published by Routledge, 2014. Editors: James WP Campbell and Michael Tutton. Managing editor: Jill Pearce.

For more information about this story contact Alexandra Buxton, Office of Communications, ̽��ֱ�� of Cambridge, amb206@admin.cam.ac.uk 01223 761673.

Inset images: Mine How, Tankerness, Orkney (Michael Tutton); Monument to the Great Fire (Ping Gong), Palacio de Correos, Mexico City (Michael Tutton)

We go up and down them all the time – but seldom do we think about their historical development as elements of architecture. Staircases: History, Repair and Conservation, co-edited by architectural historian Dr James Campbell, places a neglected topic at centre stage.

Like doorways and windows, stairs convey messages about the status and function of the environments that they are part of.

James Campbell

Cathedral Stair at Wells

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Buildings for books: the complete story of the library

sj387 — Wed, 13 Nov 2013 14:08:18 +0000

In 1975 archaeologists investigating the palace of the ancient city of Elba in Syria uncovered a room containing fragments of some 15,000 inscribed tablets. ̽��ֱ��shelves that once held them had collapsed but, scattered on the ground, the tablets remained roughly in the order in which they had been placed some 4,000 years ago. In 2012 a tiny library opened across the world in Jiaojiehe, north of Beijing. Its Chinese architect designed this exquisite building with an area where visitors can sit by the fire and sip tea, read and dream.

̽��ֱ��Library: A World History (Thames & Hudson) by Dr James Campbell, an architectural historian in the Department of Architecture at Cambridge ̽��ֱ��, is the scholarly and highly readable story of what happened between the making of the earliest libraries and the design of their modern counterparts. It is a journey that takes the reader through some of the grandest libraries in the world which in their various ways reflect mankind’s preoccupation with learning as represented by books in all their guises.

Campbell’s previous book Brick: A World History is an account of what mankind has constructed by employing the simplest of materials: baked mud. In writing ̽��ֱ��Library, he reveals not just his passion for books and buildings but also his grasp of the human endeavours that connect the two. Most importantly for us, he is motivated by a desire to share his enthusiasm and expertise. Without compromising on accuracy in his discussion of each of the libraries he visits, he provides a gripping narrative.

We asked Dr Campbell five questions about his book and the research that went into it.

A world history of the library is an ambitious project. How did it all start?

As a student I wrote a dissertation about the Radcliffe Camera in Oxford, a building which is in some ways a mausoleum for its benefactor, the physician Sir John Radcliffe. As I embarked on my research, I looked for a book that told the whole story of the architecture of libraries and found that there really wasn’t one. I waited 20 years for someone to write the kind of book I wanted to read – and when no-one did, I decided that I’d write one myself.

I’ve been interested in architecture since I was about eight. It was Lego, I’m afraid: I built a cathedral and that was it. When I was applying to Cambridge to study architecture, I knew that the university was keen that students got a sense of the history of buildings. So I spent a lot of time in the reference section of my local library in Harrogate – one of ten Yorkshire libraries funded by the philanthropist Andrew Carnegie at the turn of the 19th century – researching the architecture of a spa town. ̽��ֱ��experience opened my eyes to where a library and its contents could take you.

As an undergraduate at Cambridge I naturally spent a lot of time in libraries – the wonderful Wren Library at Trinity College, where I was a student, the ̽��ֱ�� Library which I love, and the Old Squire Law Library (now the Library of Gonville and Caius), where I spent a lot of time revising for exams. Libraries have a feel of their own, a smell of their own. It’s something you notice right away when you walk into the UL, the scent of thousands of dusty books – paper, leather, glue – with the inevitable and inimitable whiff of age and decay.

So libraries combine two of my interests: buildings and books. In ̽��ֱ��Library I’ve concentrated on a particular kind of library - some of the world’s finest examples of the buildings designed to house books – and I’ve explored the topic chronologically. Of course, a history of libraries is much more than a compendium of buildings: it’s also a story about the history of art, science, technology, culture, belief and education – and how all these strands mesh together.

How does the history of the library reflect the history of the book – and vice versa?

Books and the buildings made for them are closely interconnected - with advances in technology shaping both the form that books take and the ways in which they are protected, stored and made available to readers. Books as we know them have their origins in clay tablets which were inscribed with accounts. Next came the use of papyrus and parchment, followed by the development of paper made from textiles, the invention of block printing in the East and mechanical printing press in the West. Jumping almost six centuries, we see the emergence of digital technologies that transformed the storing the storage of, and access to, knowledge over the last ten years.

When the first books were produced by hand, there were no libraries. Books were stored in trunks and boxes: there’s a lovely example of an oak chest used to contain books at Merton College, Oxford. In early libraries, books were stacked on top of each other and read on lecterns. Because they were so precious they were chained to the fixtures that held them in order to prevent theft: you can see marvellous examples of chained libraries at Hereford Cathedral, Wells Cathedral and Trinity Hall, Cambridge.

̽��ֱ��library at Queens' College, Cambridge, where I am a Fellow, shows evidence of how libraries were adapted over time and to meet changing needs. ̽��ֱ��lecterns made to hold a small number of books were adapted in the later 17th century to make tall bookcases to accommodate the growing number of books in the college collection. ̽��ֱ��stall system of dividing libraries into alcoves where readers could sit started in the colleges of Oxford and Cambridge and was copied all over the country in public and private libraries. It allowed for a large number of books to be shelved and accessed, with each alcove or bay being a library within a library.

Throughout history libraries have often lagged behind advances in technology. ̽��ֱ��new British Library was 40 years in the making. By the time it was complete, the card system it had been designed to incorporate had been superseded by digital technologies to do the same job using a fraction of the space.

What was (and is) the purpose of libraries?

One of the primary functions of libraries was, and still is, to protect books from the physical effects of damp, heat and sunlight and from incursions by rodents and insects. Mice love to make nests in paper in the gaps behind books and all kinds of insects will feast on paper, starch, glue and leather. They can cause huge damage. ̽��ֱ��staff of the 18th-century libraries of Coimbra and Mafra in Portugal allow colonies of tiny bats to roost behind the bookcases in winter and outside in summer. At night the bats emerge and scoop up any insects. In the morning, the librarians have to sweep up the bat droppings.

Libraries are all about capturing, storing and cataloguing knowledge. But you only have to glimpse the fabulous photographs that Will Pryce took for the book to understand that libraries are about are about much more than simply housing books. They are about power and status: they are an outward demonstration of learning and accomplishment. Some of the most spectacular libraries – particularly the great Baroque and Rococo examples found in Europe – are theatrical and palatial in their celebration of the arts and sciences. Although many of the great libraries have an impressive sense of space, they weren't designed as places for reading books. Readers would take the books and read them somewhere else: the space is a measure of the importance accorded to the contents.

̽��ֱ��medieval libraries of the monasteries – which were the great centres of learning in the West - were an attempt to capture all the knowledge in the world in one building. Some of the world’s most stunning historic libraries held what seem to us today very small numbers of books. In 1338 the Sorbonne Library in Paris had 338 books available for consultation and 1,728 books on its register, 300 of which were marked as lost.

Can you tell us about your partnership with the photographer, Will Pryce?

̽��ֱ��Library wouldn’t be the book it is without Will Pryce’s skills as an outstanding photographer. Will studied architecture at Cambridge, a few years after me, but later decided to become a photographer and went back to college to study photojournalism. His background in and understanding of architecture is immensely important as it means he is able to take images that give a true sense of the building and, of course, he is a superlative photographer. This book is not just a history of libraries; it is a photographic project as well.

You can’t experience a building without physically being there, so Will and I travelled together to all the 82 libraries that feature in the book. When we reached our destination we would discuss the key issues. Will would then pick the shots that he felt best portrayed the library while reflecting what I would be writing. ̽��ֱ��clarity of the pictures is due to the time it takes to set each shot up. Will uses a large format digital camera which produces stunning pictures of extraordinary resolution. It can take up to an hour to capture a single view.

For Will, one of the greatest challenges was light and getting a true representation of the colours. Many of the great libraries we visited for the book are now lit by electric light which turns colours yellow, green or blue so our first task was to persuade the librarians to switch off the lights and let the natural light flood in. Many of the librarians were amazed at how well their libraries were designed in terms of making the most of the natural light.

Which of the libraries that you visited would you most like to revisit?

It would make most sense to say the Tripitaka Koreana at the Haeinsa Temple in South Korea. One of the biggest hurdles that Will and I faced was gaining permission to visit the libraries we wanted to cover in the book. ̽��ֱ��most one that proved most inaccessible was the Tripitaka Koreana, a collection of 13th century artefacts described by UNESCO as the most important and complete corpus of Buddhist doctrinal manuscripts in the world. It took three years, and the help of personal contacts, for an agreement about our visit. When we got there – a five and a half hours drive from Seoul – we were allowed to stand at the open door but not allowed to set foot inside. Finally, we were permitted to take just one picture and then, as the day wore on, several others. It was a huge privilege to walk between the great timber shelves which house 81,258 wooden printing blocks, each one of them boiled in salt water, left to dry out for three years and then painstakingly carved by hand.

However, the library I would most like to go back to is Admont Abbey Library in Austria. When Will and I went to see it, there was four feet of snow on the ground outside. It was so cold in the library that we wore outdoor winter clothing to keep warm. Designed by the architect Josef Hueber and constructed between 1764 and 1774, it is one of the world's longest monastic libraries, 13 metres wide and 72 metres long. ̽��ֱ��predominant colours are white and gold; when it was built, the abbey's existing books were rebound in white pigskin at enormous expense to match the shelves. ̽��ֱ��object of monastic study was to reach wisdom and the focus of the sumptuous decorative scheme, commissioned by the abbots to embody the church's teachings, is the figure of Divine Wisdom. ̽��ֱ��domed ceiling is lavishly pained with classical and religious scenes, the floor is tiled in a dazzling black-and-white three-dimensional pattern, and staircases to the balconied galleries are concealed behind secret doors set into the bookshelves. Walking into this ethereal space is like entering a world of thoughts.

Dr James Campbell is a Senior ̽��ֱ�� Lecturer in the Department of Architecture and a Fellow of Queens' College, Cambridge. ̽��ֱ��Library: A World History by James Campbell with photographs by Will Pryce is published by Thames and Hudson.

For more information about this story contact Alexandra Buxton, Office of Communications, ̽��ֱ�� of Cambridge amb206@admin.cam.ac.uk 01223 761673

Inset images from top: Radcliffe Camera (Oxford), Library of the Chapter of Noyon Cathedral (France), Trinity Hall Library (Cambridge), Queens College Library (Cambridge), Mafra Library (Portugal), Altenburg Abbey (Austria), Tripitaka Koreana (Korea), Admont Abbey Library (Austria). Copyright Will Pryce.

For 20 years architectural historian Dr James Campbell waited for someone to write a definitive book about libraries. When he decided to write one himself, his research took him to 82 libraries in 21 countries. ̽��ֱ��Library: A World History is much overdue but well worth waiting for.

A history of libraries is much more than a compendium of buildings: it’s also a story about the history of art, science, technology, culture, belief and education – and how all these strands mesh together

Dr James Campbell

Will Pryce

Bibliothèque Sainte-Geneviève, Paris

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Licence. If you use this content on your site please link back to this page.

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