探花直播 of Cambridge - Isaac Newton
/taxonomy/subjects/isaac-newton
en 探花直播artist who made ink from Newton's Apple Tree
/this-cambridge-life/artist-made-ink-newtons-apple-tree
<div class="field field-name-field-content-summary field-type-text-with-summary field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><p><p>Nabil Ali is discovering the natural colours hidden within the berries, blooms and bark found in the Cambridge 探花直播 Botanic Garden 鈥� including from a very special tree.</p>
</p></div></div></div>Mon, 16 Oct 2023 07:11:26 +0000lw355242371 at Reinterpreting Newton and religion
/stories/rediscoverednewton
<div class="field field-name-field-content-summary field-type-text-with-summary field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><p><p>Rediscovered notebook adds new depth to our understanding of Isaac Newton's relationship with theology.</p>
</p></div></div></div>Tue, 21 Dec 2021 09:15:44 +0000zs332228741 at Sir Isaac Newton鈥檚 Cambridge papers added to UNESCO鈥檚 Memory of the World Register
/research/news/sir-isaac-newtons-cambridge-papers-added-to-unescos-memory-of-the-world-register
<div class="field field-name-field-news-image field-type-image field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><img class="cam-scale-with-grid" src="/sites/default/files/styles/content-580x288/public/news/research/news/principahireswebsite.jpg?itok=Hhp1cuZE" alt="Image from Newton鈥檚 own annotated copy of Principia Mathematica" title="Image from Newton鈥檚 own annotated copy of Principia Mathematica, Credit: Cambridge 探花直播 Library" /></div></div></div><div class="field field-name-body field-type-text-with-summary field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><p>Held at Cambridge 探花直播 Library, Newton鈥檚 scientific and mathematical papers represent one of the most important archives of scientific and intellectual work on universal phenomena. They document the development of his thought on gravity, calculus and optics, and reveal ideas worked out through painstaking experiments, calculations, correspondence and revisions.</p>
<p>In combination with alchemical papers at King鈥檚 College, Cambridge and his notebooks and correspondence at Trinity College, Cambridge and the Fitzwilliam Museum, this represents the largest and most important collection of Newton鈥檚 papers worldwide.</p>
<p>Katrina Dean, Curator of Scientific Collections at Cambridge 探花直播 Library said: 鈥淣ewton鈥檚 papers are among the world鈥檚 most important collections in the western scientific tradition and are one of the Library鈥檚 most treasured collections. They were the first items to be digitised and added to the <a href="https://cudl.lib.cam.ac.uk/collections/newton">Cambridge Digital Library</a> in 2011 and featured in our 600th anniversary exhibition Lines of Thought last year. In 2017, their addition to the UNESCO International Memory of the World Register recognises their unquestionable international importance.鈥�</p>
<p> 探花直播Memory of the World Project is an international initiative to safeguard the documentary heritage of humanity against聽collective amnesia, neglect, the ravages of time and climatic conditions, and wilful and deliberate destruction.聽It calls for the preservation of valuable archival, library and private collections all over the world, as well as the reconstitution of dispersed or displaced documentary heritage, and the increased accessibility to and dissemination of these items.</p>
<p>Newton鈥檚 Cambridge papers, and those at the Royal Society, now join the <a href="/news/churchill-papers-added-to-unescos-list-of-the-worlds-greatest-cultural-treasures">archive of Winston Churchill</a>, held at Cambridge 探花直播鈥檚 Churchill Archives Centre, on the UNESCO Register. They also join Newton鈥檚 theological and alchemical papers at the National Library of Israel, which were added in 2015.</p>
<p> 探花直播chief attractions in the Cambridge collection are Newton鈥檚 own copies of the first edition of the Principia (1687), covered with his corrections, revisions and additions for the second edition.</p>
<p>聽</p>
<p> 探花直播Cambridge papers also include significant correspondence with natural philosophers and mathematicians including Henry Oldenberg, Secretary of the Royal Society, Edmond Halley, the Astronomer Royal who persuaded Newton to publish Principia, Richard Bentley, the Master of Trinity College, and John Collins, mathematician and fellow of the Royal Society who became an important collector of Newton鈥檚 works.</p>
<p>Added Dean: 鈥淥ne striking illustration of Newton鈥檚 experimental approach is in his 鈥楲aboratory Notebook鈥�, which includes details of his investigations into light and optics in order to understand the nature of colour. His essay 鈥極f Colours鈥� includes a diagram that illustrates the experiment in which he inserted a bodkin into his eye socket to put pressure on the eyeball to try to replicate the sensation of colour in normal sight.鈥�</p>
<p>Another important item is Newton鈥檚 so-called 鈥榃aste Book鈥�, a large notebook inherited from his stepfather. From 1664, he used the blank pages for optical and mathematical calculations and gradually mastered the analysis of curved lines, surfaces and solids. By 1665, he had invented the method of calculus. Newton later used the dated, documentary evidence provided by the Waste Book to argue his case in the priority dispute with Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz over the invention of the calculus.</p>
<p>Cambridge 探花直播 Librarian Jess Gardner said: 鈥淣ewton鈥檚 work and life continue to attract wonder and new perspectives on our place in the Universe. Cambridge 探花直播 Library will continue to work with scholars and curators worldwide to make Newton鈥檚 papers accessible now and for future generations.鈥�</p>
<p>Isaac Newton entered Trinity College as an undergraduate in 1661 and became a Fellow in 1667. In 1669, he became Lucasian Professor of Mathematics at Cambridge 探花直播, a position he held until 1701.</p>
<p>Among the more personal items in the Cambridge collections are Newton鈥檚 daily concerns as recorded in an undergraduate notebook which records Newton鈥檚 expenditure on white wine, wafers, shoe-strings and 鈥榓 paire of stockings鈥�, along with a guide to Latin pronunciation.</p>
<p>A notebook of 1662-1669 records Newton鈥檚 sins before and after Whitsunday of 1662, written in a coded shorthand and first deciphered between 1872 and 1888. Among them are 鈥楨ating an apple at Thy house鈥�, 鈥楻obbing my mothers box of plums and sugar鈥� along with the more serious 鈥榃ishing death and hoping it to some鈥� before a list of his expenses. These included chemicals, two furnaces and a recent edition of one of the most comprehensive compilations of alchemical writings in the western tradition Theatrum chemicum, edited by the publisher Lazarus Zetzner.</p>
<p>Cambridge 探花直播 Library is also hosting a series of talks open to the public by Sarah Dry and Patricia Fara on Newton鈥檚 manuscripts and Newton鈥檚 role in Enlightenment culture and polite society on December 7 and December 14 respectively. For details and bookings, see: <a href="http://www.lib.cam.ac.uk/using-library/whats">http://www.lib.cam.ac.uk/using-library/whats</a></p>
</div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-content-summary field-type-text-with-summary field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><p><p> 探花直播Cambridge papers of Sir Isaac Newton, including early drafts and Newton鈥檚 annotated copies of Principia Mathematica 鈥� a work that changed the history of science 鈥� have been added to UNESCO鈥檚 International Memory of the World Register.</p>
</p></div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-content-quote field-type-text-long field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even">Newton鈥檚 papers are among the world鈥檚 most important collections in the western scientific tradition and are one of the Library鈥檚 most treasured collections.</div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-content-quote-name field-type-text field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even">Katrina Dean</div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-image-credit field-type-link-field field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><a href="/" target="_blank">Cambridge 探花直播 Library</a></div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-image-desctiprion field-type-text field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even">Image from Newton鈥檚 own annotated copy of Principia Mathematica</div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-slideshow field-type-image field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><a href="/sites/default/files/diagram_to_represent_how_newton_inserted_a_bodkin_into_his_eye_socket_to_put_pressure_on_the_eyeball_to_try_to_replicate_the_sensation_of_colour_in_normal_sight.jpg" title="Image from Newton鈥檚 essay 鈥極f Colours鈥� which includes the above diagram to illustrate the experiment in which he inserted a bodkin into his eye socket to put pressure on the eyeball to try to replicate the sensation of colour in normal sight. Credit: Cambridge 探花直播 Library" class="colorbox" data-colorbox-gallery="" data-cbox-img-attrs="{"title": "Image from Newton鈥檚 essay 鈥極f Colours鈥� which includes the above diagram to illustrate the experiment in which he inserted a bodkin into his eye socket to put pressure on the eyeball to try to replicate the sensation of colour in normal sight. Credit: Cambridge 探花直播 Library", "alt": ""}"><img class="cam-scale-with-grid" src="/sites/default/files/styles/slideshow/public/diagram_to_represent_how_newton_inserted_a_bodkin_into_his_eye_socket_to_put_pressure_on_the_eyeball_to_try_to_replicate_the_sensation_of_colour_in_normal_sight.jpg?itok=6VTHn7Fo" width="590" height="288" alt="" title="Image from Newton鈥檚 essay 鈥極f Colours鈥� which includes the above diagram to illustrate the experiment in which he inserted a bodkin into his eye socket to put pressure on the eyeball to try to replicate the sensation of colour in normal sight. Credit: Cambridge 探花直播 Library" /></a></div><div class="field-item odd"><a href="/sites/default/files/principa_large.jpg" title="Newton's own annotated copy of Principia Mathematica" class="colorbox" data-colorbox-gallery="" data-cbox-img-attrs="{"title": "Newton's own annotated copy of Principia Mathematica", "alt": ""}"><img class="cam-scale-with-grid" src="/sites/default/files/styles/slideshow/public/principa_large.jpg?itok=wLR13nF0" width="590" height="288" alt="" title="Newton's own annotated copy of Principia Mathematica" /></a></div><div class="field-item even"><a href="/sites/default/files/ms_1-1936_f6v_srgb_201206_mfj22_pc1.jpg" title=" 探花直播notebook of Isaac Newton showing his personal expenses c. 1667. Credit: 探花直播Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge." class="colorbox" data-colorbox-gallery="" data-cbox-img-attrs="{"title": " 探花直播notebook of Isaac Newton showing his personal expenses c. 1667. Credit: 探花直播Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge.", "alt": ""}"><img class="cam-scale-with-grid" src="/sites/default/files/styles/slideshow/public/ms_1-1936_f6v_srgb_201206_mfj22_pc1.jpg?itok=CioEziw7" width="590" height="288" alt="" title=" 探花直播notebook of Isaac Newton showing his personal expenses c. 1667. Credit: 探花直播Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge." /></a></div><div class="field-item odd"><a href="/sites/default/files/ms_1-1936_f3r_201206_mfj22_mas_dc1.jpg" title=" 探花直播notebook of Isaac Newton showing code writing listing his sins before and after Whitsunday 1662." class="colorbox" data-colorbox-gallery="" data-cbox-img-attrs="{"title": " 探花直播notebook of Isaac Newton showing code writing listing his sins before and after Whitsunday 1662.", "alt": ""}"><img class="cam-scale-with-grid" src="/sites/default/files/styles/slideshow/public/ms_1-1936_f3r_201206_mfj22_mas_dc1.jpg?itok=r18wvN9E" width="590" height="288" alt="" title=" 探花直播notebook of Isaac Newton showing code writing listing his sins before and after Whitsunday 1662." /></a></div><div class="field-item even"><a href="/sites/default/files/newton_ms_overlay_01.jpg" title="Three manuscripts on alchemy in Isaac Newton鈥檚 hand. All were acquired by John Maynard Keynes in 1936 and bequeathed to King鈥檚 College, Cambridge, in 1946. Credit: King鈥檚 College, Cambridge" class="colorbox" data-colorbox-gallery="" data-cbox-img-attrs="{"title": "Three manuscripts on alchemy in Isaac Newton鈥檚 hand. All were acquired by John Maynard Keynes in 1936 and bequeathed to King鈥檚 College, Cambridge, in 1946. Credit: King鈥檚 College, Cambridge", "alt": ""}"><img class="cam-scale-with-grid" src="/sites/default/files/styles/slideshow/public/newton_ms_overlay_01.jpg?itok=48M96cff" width="590" height="288" alt="" title="Three manuscripts on alchemy in Isaac Newton鈥檚 hand. All were acquired by John Maynard Keynes in 1936 and bequeathed to King鈥檚 College, Cambridge, in 1946. Credit: King鈥檚 College, Cambridge" /></a></div><div class="field-item odd"><a href="/sites/default/files/r.4.48c_paire_of_stockings_002.png" title="A page from Trinity College Notebook, Trinity College Library, Cambridge, R.4.48c, showing a list of expenses including 鈥榓 paire of stockings鈥� and 鈥榮hoestrings鈥� as well as one of Newton鈥檚 first book purchases while an undergraduate, protestant theologian John Sleidan鈥檚 Four Monarchies on historical chronology" class="colorbox" data-colorbox-gallery="" data-cbox-img-attrs="{"title": "A page from Trinity College Notebook, Trinity College Library, Cambridge, R.4.48c, showing a list of expenses including 鈥榓 paire of stockings鈥� and 鈥榮hoestrings鈥� as well as one of Newton鈥檚 first book purchases while an undergraduate, protestant theologian John Sleidan鈥檚 Four Monarchies on historical chronology", "alt": ""}"><img class="cam-scale-with-grid" src="/sites/default/files/styles/slideshow/public/r.4.48c_paire_of_stockings_002.png?itok=RKsetH9R" width="590" height="288" alt="" title="A page from Trinity College Notebook, Trinity College Library, Cambridge, R.4.48c, showing a list of expenses including 鈥榓 paire of stockings鈥� and 鈥榮hoestrings鈥� as well as one of Newton鈥檚 first book purchases while an undergraduate, protestant theologian John Sleidan鈥檚 Four Monarchies on historical chronology" /></a></div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-cc-attribute-text field-type-text-long field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><p><a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" rel="license"><img alt="Creative Commons License" src="https://i.creativecommons.org/l/by/4.0/88x31.png" style="border-width:0" /></a><br />
探花直播text in this work is licensed under a <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" rel="license">Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License</a>. For image use please see separate credits above.</p>
</div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-show-cc-text field-type-list-boolean field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even">Yes</div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-license-type field-type-taxonomy-term-reference field-label-above"><div class="field-label">Licence type: </div><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><a href="/taxonomy/imagecredit/attribution-noncommercial-sharealike">Attribution-Noncommercial-ShareAlike</a></div></div></div>Fri, 01 Dec 2017 09:36:33 +0000sjr81193632 at Understanding gravity - from Newton to Hawking
/news/understanding-gravity-from-newton-to-hawking
<div class="field field-name-field-news-image field-type-image field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><img class="cam-scale-with-grid" src="/sites/default/files/styles/content-580x288/public/news/news/cropped-for-web.jpg?itok=rVGSi1tW" alt="Priceless treasures: in a shot commissioned to celebrate Cambridge 探花直播 Library鈥檚 600th anniversary, Professor Stephen Hawking is pictured with Newton鈥檚 annotated first edition of Principia Mathematica. Credit: Graham CopeKoga " title="Priceless treasures: in a shot commissioned to celebrate Cambridge 探花直播 Library鈥檚 600th anniversary, Professor Stephen Hawking is pictured with Newton鈥檚 annotated first edition of Principia Mathematica. Credit: Graham CopeKoga , Credit: None" /></div></div></div><div class="field field-name-body field-type-text-with-summary field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><p>As part of its 600th anniversary, the 探花直播 Library has put on display some of its greatest treasures in the blockbuster exhibition Lines of Thought: Discoveries that Changed the World.</p>
<p>To celebrate the anniversary and the exhibition, which runs until September 30, 2016, the 探花直播 Library has made a series of six short films, each examining one of the six key themes of Lines of Thought.</p>
<p>On the Shoulders of Giants 鈥� Understanding Gravity covers three centuries of development in human understanding of how and why gravity operates.</p>
<p>Beginning with Copernicus and a first-edition copy of his iconic De Revolutionibus, Understanding Gravity looks at his first formative ideas of a sun-centred (heliocentric) universe.</p>
<p>Adam Perkins, Curator of Scientific Manuscripts at the 探花直播 Library, said: 鈥淚t鈥檚 essential to have Copernicus鈥� idea to create what we know today about the solar system. But we also have on display other, later objects in the exhibition 鈥� such as Tyco Brahe鈥檚 De Nova Stella 鈥� which tried to keep the Earth at the centre of the solar system. However, Johannes Kepler, Brahe鈥檚 pupil, immediately rejected the ideas in De Nova Stella and went back to Copernicus鈥� sun-centred solar system.鈥�</p>
<p>Perhaps the star of Understanding Gravity, and聽Lines of Thought as a whole, is Newton鈥檚 copy of Principia.</p>
<p>Although earlier minds had challenged the view that the earth was the centre of the solar system, it was the work of Sir Isaac Newton, second Lucasian Professor of Mathematics at the 探花直播 of Cambridge, which firmly established that the planets revolved around the sun, and that gravity was the force which controlled this.</p>
<p>鈥淚ts publication in 1687 inspired a scientific revolution and laid the foundations of modern physics,鈥� said Perkins. 聽鈥� 探花直播bulk of Newton鈥檚 scientific manuscripts came to Cambridge in 1872, where they continue to be the focus of global scholarly activity.鈥�</p>
<p>Although Newton was able to posit the existence of gravity, he was unable to explain how it functioned and it fell to Einstein鈥檚 Theory of Relativity to suggest a solution, with proof coming from Trinity College mathematicians Frank Dyson and Arthur Eddington.</p>
<p>Cambridge physicists and mathematicians including Stephen Hawking and Jocelyn Bell have continued to grapple with the implications of Newton and Einstein鈥檚 work in order to explain better the universe around us.</p>
<p>To celebrate Lines of Thought, Cambridge 探花直播 Library commissioned a once-in-a-lifetime photo of Professor Stephen Hawking and Newton鈥檚 copy of Principia, shot in Professor Hawking鈥檚 office at the Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics in Cambridge. Lines of Thought has also put on display Hawking鈥檚 typescript draft of A Brief History of Time 鈥� the worldwide bestseller which was first published in 1988.</p>
<p>Added Perkins: 鈥淗awking sees his own theoretical work as part of a continuum of the ideas going back across the great founding fathers of modern science, many of whom we have on display at the moment.</p>
<p>鈥淲ell over 200 scientists have deposited their papers in Cambridge which has given us a world-class treasure. Lines of Thought has given us the opportunity to share these treasures with people around the world as we celebrate 600 years of Cambridge 探花直播 Library.鈥�</p>
</div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-content-summary field-type-text-with-summary field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><p><p> 探花直播most important publication in the history of science 鈥� Isaac Newton鈥檚 own annotated copy of Principia Mathematica 鈥� and other seminal works by Copernicus, Einstein and Stephen Hawking, feature in a new film, released today, celebrating 600 years of Cambridge 探花直播 Library.</p>
</p></div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-content-quote field-type-text-long field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even">Principia's publication in 1687 inspired a scientific revolution and laid the foundations of modern physics.</div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-content-quote-name field-type-text field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even">Adam Perkins</div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-media field-type-file field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><div id="file-106182" class="file file-video file-video-youtube">
<h2 class="element-invisible"><a href="/file/106182">Lines of Thought: Understanding Gravity</a></h2>
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<iframe class="media-youtube-player" src="https://www.youtube-nocookie.com/embed/0VlYpVEeHwk?wmode=opaque&controls=1&rel=0&autohide=0" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe>
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</div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-image-desctiprion field-type-text field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even">Priceless treasures: in a shot commissioned to celebrate Cambridge 探花直播 Library鈥檚 600th anniversary, Professor Stephen Hawking is pictured with Newton鈥檚 annotated first edition of Principia Mathematica. Credit: Graham CopeKoga </div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-cc-attribute-text field-type-text-long field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><p><a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" rel="license"><img alt="Creative Commons License" src="https://i.creativecommons.org/l/by/4.0/88x31.png" style="border-width:0" /></a><br />
探花直播text in this work is licensed under a <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" rel="license">Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License</a>. For image use please see separate credits above.</p>
</div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-show-cc-text field-type-list-boolean field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even">Yes</div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-license-type field-type-taxonomy-term-reference field-label-above"><div class="field-label">Licence type: </div><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><a href="/taxonomy/imagecredit/attribution-noncommercial-sharealike">Attribution-Noncommercial-ShareAlike</a></div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-related-links field-type-link-field field-label-above"><div class="field-label">Related Links: </div><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><a href="https://www.lib.cam.ac.uk/">Cambridge 探花直播 Library</a></div><div class="field-item odd"><a href="https://exhibitions.lib.cam.ac.uk/linesofthought/">Lines of Thought: virtual exhibition</a></div></div></div>Fri, 29 Apr 2016 14:12:30 +0000sjr81172742 at Opinion: Science behind remarkable new Wall of Death motorcycle world record
/research/discussion/opinion-science-behind-remarkable-new-wall-of-death-motorcycle-world-record
<div class="field field-name-field-news-image field-type-image field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><img class="cam-scale-with-grid" src="/sites/default/files/styles/content-580x288/public/news/research/discussion/160405guymartin.jpg?itok=XM2d6N0l" alt="Guy Martin next to the Wall of Death." title="Guy Martin next to the Wall of Death., Credit: Channel 4" /></div></div></div><div class="field field-name-body field-type-text-with-summary field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><p> 探花直播Wall of Death has been the most enigmatic dare-devil motorbike stunt for more than 100 years. Motorcyclists ride around the inside of a vertical wall, rather like a huge barrel, at speeds of around 30mph. Most Wall of Death 鈥渄rums鈥� are about 32 feet (10 metres) in diameter.</p>
<p>There is a Wall of Death near Cambridge, UK, run by <a href="https://wall-of-death.co.uk/">Ken Fox</a>. He was approached by NorthOne Television to assist in a mad project to set the world speed record for a motorcycle ride around the wall. 探花直播stunt was performed live on <a href="https://www.channel4.com/">Channel 4</a> television this week 鈥� and I was lucky enough to be right there, as a consultant engineer for the show.</p>
<p>It was thought that no one has ever ridden the Wall of Death any faster than 45mph, but during the record attempt, experienced motorcyclist <a href="https://www.guymartinracing.co.uk/">Guy Martin</a> attempted to reach 80mph, a speed which would completely smash existing records. So how did he do? And how on Earth can a motorcycle ride around a vertical wall?</p>
<p>聽</p>
<figure class="align-center "><img alt="" src="https://62e528761d0685343e1c-f3d1b99a743ffa4142d9d7f1978d9686.ssl.cf2.rackcdn.com/files/116977/width754/image-20160331-28462-omw9mr.jpg" style="width: 100%;" /><figcaption><span class="caption">Guy Martin riding the Wall of Death during the live Channel 4 record attempt.</span> <span class="attribution"><span class="source">Channel 4</span></span></figcaption></figure><p>聽</p>
<h2> 探花直播G-force awakens</h2>
<p> 探花直播limiting factor for speed on the Wall of Death is human physiology. When riding the wall, you are subject to high acceleration 鈥� or <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G-force">G-force</a>. Under these conditions, blood drains away from your brain and eyes, much as water is flung out of clothes during the spin cycle of a washing machine. It leads to tunnel vision, temporary blindness, difficulty breathing and eventually unconsciousness.</p>
<p>When riding the wall, the Gs are generated by what most people call 鈥渃entrifugal force鈥�, but in actual fact there is no such thing. Physicists prefer to say that there is a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centripetal_force">鈥渃entripetal force鈥�</a> acting on your body as it goes around in a circle, but I鈥檓 an engineer, not a physicist, so I鈥檓 quite happy to go with the majority and call it centrifugal force.</p>
<p>Either way, the highest G-force that most of us will ever experience is when riding a roller coaster, where the body (very briefly) can be subject to accelerations of up to 5G. This is the equivalent of carrying an extra five-times your own weight throughout your body. Imagine: heavier arms, heavier legs, heavier head.</p>
<p>When you鈥檙e riding the Wall of Death the centrifugal force pushes you outwards and then friction holds you up. Imagine the wall was wet and slippery 鈥� you鈥檇 slide right down. That鈥檚 why it was very important that the wall was kept dry and free from dust and drops of oil. Clearly, the wall has to be built indoors and we needed a very big hangar for that.</p>
<p> 探花直播training for a high-G environment involves flights in stunt aircraft. During those Guy found himself passing out at around 7G 鈥� and it doesn鈥檛 bear thinking about would happen if consciousness was lost when riding a motorbike at 80mph on the wall. Guy had a <a href="https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/sport/motorcycling/guy-martin-on-ulster-grand-prix-crash-back-protector-saved-my-life/31499835.html">serious crash</a> in August 2015 at the Ulster Grand Prix. He was lucky to come out of it alive, but only six months later he was in full swing training for the Wall of Death.</p>
<p>聽</p>
<figure><iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="260" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/Y4IKQq7SSWU?wmode=transparent&start=0" width="440"></iframe></figure><p>聽</p>
<h2>So how fast can you go?</h2>
<p>Let鈥檚 assume that Guy doesn鈥檛 want to exceed 7G (remember that he鈥檇 be experiencing the extreme forces for far longer than someone on a rollercoaster 鈥� and having to control a motorbike, too) and that he wants to ride at 80mph. Well, there is a formula for calculating the G-force experienced when going around in a circle. It can be worked out using Isaac Newton鈥檚 famous laws, which is all very appropriate, because Newton came from Grantham in Lincolnshire and the record-breaking attempt took place in a WWII airforce hanger not far away, in the heart of Battle-of-Britain country.</p>
<p>Using Newton鈥檚 <a href="https://www.storyofmathematics.com/17th_newton.html/">鈥渄ifferential calculus鈥�</a>, it turns out that the centrifugal G-force increases with the square of your speed and decreases in proportion to the Wall of Death鈥檚 diameter.</p>
<p>聽</p>
<figure class="align-center "><img alt="" src="https://62e528761d0685343e1c-f3d1b99a743ffa4142d9d7f1978d9686.ssl.cf2.rackcdn.com/files/116986/width754/image-20160331-28445-1ujlpsx.jpg" style="width: 100%;" /><figcaption><span class="caption"> 探花直播author, Guy and the maths of the Wall of Death.</span> <span class="attribution"><span class="source">Channel 4</span>, <span class="license">Author provided</span></span></figcaption></figure><p>聽</p>
<p>This means, for example, that if you travel at 80mph on Ken Fox鈥檚 10-metre wall you鈥檇 experience 25G of centrifugal force 鈥� certain death. But on a bigger wall, say 40 metres in diameter, you鈥檇 experience 6.4G 鈥� just about within the physiological limit.</p>
<p> 探花直播bike also has limits. 探花直播often-used, iconic Wall of Death Indian Scout bike has to be specially reinforced with stronger tyres, stiffened suspension and a modified engine to cope with the high Gs. 探花直播wall itself also needs to be resistant to the centrifugal force of the bike and rider, which at 80mph will be in excess of two tonnes.</p>
<h2>Breaking the record</h2>
<p>With the maths in mind, a huge Wall of Death was constructed especially for Guy鈥檚 record attempt. It was 37.5 metres in diameter and quite a dramatic sight. It was constructed out of upturned shipping containers, welded together and lined with timber. A refuge for paramedics was constructed in the centre so if anything went wrong, medical help could be summoned in a matter of seconds.</p>
<p> 探花直播main hazards were related to the high G-forces, however. If Guy passed out, then the worst fear was that he鈥檇 fly out of the top of the arena and hit the roof truss. He would probably not survive such an event so a barrier was installed at the top edge of the wall. Even so, hitting this barrier at 80mph would be exceedingly unpleasant. Guy was given a large red line to follow so that he would know how to keep clear of the barrier, even when his eyesight began to fail because of the high Gs.</p>
<p>聽</p>
<figure><iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="260" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/qvjWPjDkVUE?wmode=transparent&start=0" width="440"></iframe>
<figcaption><span class="caption">Ken Fox teaches Guy Martin to ride the wall.</span></figcaption></figure><p>聽</p>
<p><a href="https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/">Guinness World Records</a> was present to officiate 鈥� and required a speed over 60mph in either one of two attempts. In his first attempt on the Indian Scout, Guy achieved 72mph and there was much celebration. But during his second attempt (on his own home-made bike), he reached 78mph, smashing his own record.</p>
<p>He wanted to ride again and go faster but he was already experiencing problems with his vision 鈥� the first sign of blackout. His main complaint, as he said afterwards, was that the G-force (estimated at 6.4G) was pressing on his bladder and he was busting for a pee the whole time!</p>
<h2> 探花直播Future?</h2>
<p>If anyone is going to break Guy Martin鈥檚 record of 78mph then they will have to build a wall at least as big as the Lincolnshire one. In training, Guy thinks he once reached a peak of 85mph but he backed off quickly as he was blacking out at this speed. Perhaps on a bigger wall a new record will be set, but building a bigger wall is quite an undertaking. I think the record is safe for a few years.</p>
<p><em><strong><span><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/hugh-hunt-205860">Hugh Hunt</a>, Reader in Engineering Dynamics and Vibration, <a href="https://theconversation.com/institutions/university-of-cambridge-1283"> 探花直播 of Cambridge</a></span></strong></em></p>
<p><em><strong>This article was originally published on <a href="https://theconversation.com/"> 探花直播Conversation</a>. Read the <a href="https://theconversation.com/how-to-ride-the-wall-of-death-57018">original article</a>.</strong></em></p>
<p><em> 探花直播opinions expressed in this article are those of the individual author(s) and do not represent the views of the 探花直播 of Cambridge.</em></p>
</div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-content-summary field-type-text-with-summary field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><p><p>Hugh Hunt (Department of Engineering) discusses the Wall of Death world record attempt and how a motorcycle can ride around a vertical wall.</p>
</p></div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-image-credit field-type-link-field field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><a href="/" target="_blank">Channel 4</a></div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-image-desctiprion field-type-text field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even">Guy Martin next to the Wall of Death.</div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-cc-attribute-text field-type-text-long field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><p><a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" rel="license"><img alt="Creative Commons License" src="https://i.creativecommons.org/l/by/4.0/88x31.png" style="border-width:0" /></a><br />
探花直播text in this work is licensed under a <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" rel="license">Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License</a>. For image use please see separate credits above.</p>
</div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-show-cc-text field-type-list-boolean field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even">Yes</div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-license-type field-type-taxonomy-term-reference field-label-above"><div class="field-label">Licence type: </div><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><a href="/taxonomy/imagecredit/attribution">Attribution</a></div></div></div>Tue, 05 Apr 2016 09:17:28 +0000Anonymous170682 at Lines of Thought: Discoveries that Changed the World
/research/news/lines-of-thought-discoveries-that-changed-the-world
<div class="field field-name-field-news-image field-type-image field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><img class="cam-scale-with-grid" src="/sites/default/files/styles/content-580x288/public/news/research/news/cropped-for-web.jpg?itok=bvRjx3-M" alt="Priceless treasures: in a shot commissioned to celebrate Cambridge 探花直播 Library鈥檚 600th anniversary, Professor Stephen Hawking is pictured with Newton鈥檚 annotated first edition of Principia Mathematica." title="Priceless treasures: in a shot commissioned to celebrate Cambridge 探花直播 Library鈥檚 600th anniversary, Professor Stephen Hawking is pictured with Newton鈥檚 annotated first edition of Principia Mathematica., Credit: Graham CopeKoga" /></div></div></div><div class="field field-name-body field-type-text-with-summary field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><p><em>Lines of Thought: Discoveries that Changed the World</em>, opens free to the public this Friday (March 11) and celebrates 4,000 years of recorded thought through the Library鈥檚 unique and irreplaceable collections. More than 70 per cent of the exhibits are displayed to the public for the first time in this exhibition.</p>
<p>Tracing the connections between Darwin and DNA, Newton and Hawking, and 3,000-year-old Chinese oracle bones and Twitter, <a href="https://exhibitions.lib.cam.ac.uk/linesofthought/">the exhibition</a> investigates, through six distinct themes, how Cambridge 探花直播 Library鈥檚 millions of books and manuscripts have transformed our understanding of life here on earth and our place among the stars.</p>
<p> 探花直播iconic Giles Gilbert Scott building, opened in the 1930s, now holds more than eight million books, journals, maps and magazines 鈥� as well as some of the world's most iconic scientific, literary and cultural treasures.</p>
<p> 探花直播new exhibition puts on display Newton鈥檚 own annotated copy of Principia Mathematica, Darwin鈥檚 papers on evolution, 3,000-year-old Chinese oracle bones, a cuneiform tablet from 2,000BC, and the earliest reliable text for 20 of Shakespeare鈥檚 plays.</p>
<p>Other items going on display include:</p>
<ul><li>Edmund Halley鈥檚 handwritten notebook/sketches of Halley鈥檚 Comet (1682)</li>
<li>Stephen Hawking鈥檚 draft typescript of A Brief History of Time</li>
<li>Darwin鈥檚 first pencil sketch of Species Theory and his Primate Tree</li>
<li>A 2nd century AD fragment of Homer鈥檚 Odyssey.</li>
<li> 探花直播Nash Papyrus 鈥� a 2,000-year-old copy of the Ten Commandments</li>
<li>Codex Bezae 鈥� 5th century New Testament, crucial to our understanding of 探花直播Bible.</li>
<li>A hand-coloured copy of Vesalius鈥� 1543 Epitome 鈥� one of the most influential works in western medicine</li>
<li>聽 探花直播earliest known record of a human dissection in England (1564)</li>
<li>A Babylonian tablet dated 2039 BCE (the oldest object in the library)</li>
<li> 探花直播Gutenberg Bible 鈥� the earliest substantive printed book in Western Europe (1455)</li>
<li> 探花直播Book of Deer, 10th century gospel book: thought to be the oldest Scottish book and the first example of written Gaelic</li>
<li> 探花直播first catalogue listing the contents of the Library in 1424, barely a decade after it was first identified in the wills of William Loring and William Hunden</li>
</ul><p> 探花直播six Lines of Thought featured in the exhibition are: From clay tablets to Twitter feed (Revolutions in human communication); 探花直播evolution of genetics (From Darwin to DNA); Beginning with the word (Communicating faith); On the shoulders of giants (Understanding gravity); Eternal lines (Telling the story of history) and Illustrating anatomy (Understanding the body).</p>
<p> 探花直播 Librarian Anne Jarvis said: 鈥淚t鈥檚 extraordinary to think that the 探花直播 Library, which started in 1416 as a small collection of manuscripts locked in wooden chests, has now grown into a global institution housing eight million books and manuscripts, billions of words, and millions of images, all communicating thousands of years of human thought.</p>
<p>鈥淥ur spectacular exhibition showcases six key concepts in human history that have been critical in shaping the world and culture we know today, illustrating the myriad lines of thought that take us back into the past, and forward to tomorrow鈥檚 research, innovation and literature.鈥�</p>
<p> 探花直播 探花直播 Library, which is older than both the British Library and the Vatican Library, has more than 125 miles of shelving and more than two million books immediately available to readers 鈥� making it the largest open-access library in Europe.</p>
<p> 探花直播first Line of Thought featured in the exhibition: From clay tablet to Twitter begins with a tiny 4,000-year-old tablet used as a receipt for wool, evidence of an advanced civilisation using a cuneiform script and Sumerian language, probably written in Girsu (Southern Iraq) and precisely dated to 2039BCE. 探花直播tablet is on public display for the first time in this exhibition.</p>
<p>From there, it charts the many and varied revolutions in communications throughout history, taking in Chinese oracle bones, the Gutenberg Bible, a palm leaf manuscript written in 1015AD, newspapers, chapbooks and 20th century Penguin paperbacks, before ending with a book containing Shakespeare鈥檚 Hamlet written in tweets.</p>
<p>Objects going on display for the first time during Lines of Thought include: the Book of Deer, Vesalius鈥檚 3D manikin of the human body, William Morris鈥檚 extensively annotated proofs of his edition of Beowulf, a wonderful caricature of Darwin, and works by Copernicus, Galileo and Jocelyn Bell Burnell, the discoverer of pulsars.</p>
<p></p>
<p>鈥淔or six centuries, the collections of Cambridge 探花直播 Library have challenged and changed the world around us,鈥� added Jarvis. 聽鈥淎cross science, literature and the arts, the millions of books, manuscripts and digital archives we hold have altered the very fabric of our understanding.</p>
<p>鈥淥nly in Cambridge, can you find Newton鈥檚 greatest works sitting alongside Darwin鈥檚 most important papers on evolution, or Sassoon鈥檚 wartime poetry books taking their place next to the Gutenberg Bible and the archive of Margaret Drabble.鈥�</p>
<p>To celebrate the Library鈥檚 600th anniversary, the Library has selected one iconic item from each theme within the exhibition to be digitised and made available within a free iPad app, Words that Changed the World. Readers can turn the pages of these masterworks of culture and science, from cover to cover, accompanied by 探花直播 experts explaining their importance and giving contextual information.</p>
<p><em>Lines of Thought: Discoveries that Changed the World </em>opens to the public on Friday, March 11, 2016 and runs until Friday, September 30, 2016. Entry is free.聽</p>
<p> 探花直播exhibition is also available to聽view <a href="https://exhibitions.lib.cam.ac.uk/linesofthought/">online</a>, and items from the exhibition have also been digitised and made available on the聽<a href="https://cudl.lib.cam.ac.uk/collections/linesofthought">Cambridge Digital Library.</a></p>
</div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-content-summary field-type-text-with-summary field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><p><p>Some of the world鈥檚 most valuable books and manuscripts 鈥� texts which have altered the very fabric of our understanding 鈥� will go on display in Cambridge this week as Cambridge 探花直播 Library celebrates its 600th birthday with a once-in-a-lifetime exhibition of its greatest treasures.</p>
</p></div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-content-quote field-type-text-long field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even">What started in 1416 as a small collection of manuscripts locked in wooden chests, has now grown into a global institution housing eight million books and manuscripts, billions of words, and millions of images, all communicating thousands of years of human thought.</div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-content-quote-name field-type-text field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even">Anne Jarvis</div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-media field-type-file field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><div id="file-102882" class="file file-video file-video-youtube">
<h2 class="element-invisible"><a href="/file/102882">Lines of Thought: Discoveries that Changed the World</a></h2>
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<iframe class="media-youtube-player" src="https://www.youtube-nocookie.com/embed/ic8jl2yHpGc?wmode=opaque&controls=1&rel=0&autohide=0" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe>
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</div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-image-credit field-type-link-field field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><a href="/" target="_blank">Graham CopeKoga</a></div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-image-desctiprion field-type-text field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even">Priceless treasures: in a shot commissioned to celebrate Cambridge 探花直播 Library鈥檚 600th anniversary, Professor Stephen Hawking is pictured with Newton鈥檚 annotated first edition of Principia Mathematica.</div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-slideshow field-type-image field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><a href="/sites/default/files/main_press_image_-_please_credit_graham_copekoga_with_any_use.jpg" title="Stephen Hawking and Newton's annotated copy of Principia Mathematica" class="colorbox" data-colorbox-gallery="" data-cbox-img-attrs="{"title": "Stephen Hawking and Newton's annotated copy of Principia Mathematica", "alt": ""}"><img class="cam-scale-with-grid" src="/sites/default/files/styles/slideshow/public/main_press_image_-_please_credit_graham_copekoga_with_any_use.jpg?itok=HkGeNeMR" width="590" height="288" alt="" title="Stephen Hawking and Newton's annotated copy of Principia Mathematica" /></a></div><div class="field-item odd"><a href="/sites/default/files/alice_de_reydon_hours_small.jpg" title="A book of hours with glorious full-page illuminations, this once belonged to the East Anglian noblewoman Alice de Reydon." class="colorbox" data-colorbox-gallery="" data-cbox-img-attrs="{"title": "A book of hours with glorious full-page illuminations, this once belonged to the East Anglian noblewoman Alice de Reydon.", "alt": ""}"><img class="cam-scale-with-grid" src="/sites/default/files/styles/slideshow/public/alice_de_reydon_hours_small.jpg?itok=kZb_Oi36" width="590" height="288" alt="" title="A book of hours with glorious full-page illuminations, this once belonged to the East Anglian noblewoman Alice de Reydon." /></a></div><div class="field-item even"><a href="/sites/default/files/beowulf_proof_sheets_small.jpg" title="Unique proof sheets, bearing William Morris鈥檚 own corrections and annotations, for the Kelmscott Press鈥檚 stunning edition of the epic tale of Beowulf." class="colorbox" data-colorbox-gallery="" data-cbox-img-attrs="{"title": "Unique proof sheets, bearing William Morris鈥檚 own corrections and annotations, for the Kelmscott Press鈥檚 stunning edition of the epic tale of Beowulf.", "alt": ""}"><img class="cam-scale-with-grid" src="/sites/default/files/styles/slideshow/public/beowulf_proof_sheets_small.jpg?itok=EbMGSqp9" width="590" height="288" alt="" title="Unique proof sheets, bearing William Morris鈥檚 own corrections and annotations, for the Kelmscott Press鈥檚 stunning edition of the epic tale of Beowulf." /></a></div><div class="field-item odd"><a href="/sites/default/files/birch_bark_hymn_small.jpg" title="Birch bark hymn" class="colorbox" data-colorbox-gallery="" data-cbox-img-attrs="{"title": "Birch bark hymn", "alt": ""}"><img class="cam-scale-with-grid" src="/sites/default/files/styles/slideshow/public/birch_bark_hymn_small.jpg?itok=LD3G8ThZ" width="590" height="288" alt="" title="Birch bark hymn" /></a></div><div class="field-item even"><a href="/sites/default/files/book_of_deer_small.jpg" title="Book of Deer" class="colorbox" data-colorbox-gallery="" data-cbox-img-attrs="{"title": "Book of Deer", "alt": ""}"><img class="cam-scale-with-grid" src="/sites/default/files/styles/slideshow/public/book_of_deer_small.jpg?itok=pF7Uv5WJ" width="590" height="288" alt="" title="Book of Deer" /></a></div><div class="field-item odd"><a href="/sites/default/files/bookcase_of_knowledge_small.jpg" title="Bookcase of Knowledge (19th century)" class="colorbox" data-colorbox-gallery="" data-cbox-img-attrs="{"title": "Bookcase of Knowledge (19th century)", "alt": ""}"><img class="cam-scale-with-grid" src="/sites/default/files/styles/slideshow/public/bookcase_of_knowledge_small.jpg?itok=agQIZ2OE" width="590" height="288" alt="" title="Bookcase of Knowledge (19th century)" /></a></div><div class="field-item even"><a href="/sites/default/files/boxwood_figure_and_skeleton_small.jpg" title="A wooden figure and ivory skeleton given to the Library in 1591, these would have been used by medical students in the early 探花直播." class="colorbox" data-colorbox-gallery="" data-cbox-img-attrs="{"title": "A wooden figure and ivory skeleton given to the Library in 1591, these would have been used by medical students in the early 探花直播.", "alt": ""}"><img class="cam-scale-with-grid" src="/sites/default/files/styles/slideshow/public/boxwood_figure_and_skeleton_small.jpg?itok=DJIUKGgO" width="590" height="288" alt="" title="A wooden figure and ivory skeleton given to the Library in 1591, these would have been used by medical students in the early 探花直播." /></a></div><div class="field-item odd"><a href="/sites/default/files/chapbooks_small.jpg" title="Chapbooks" class="colorbox" data-colorbox-gallery="" data-cbox-img-attrs="{"title": "Chapbooks", "alt": ""}"><img class="cam-scale-with-grid" src="/sites/default/files/styles/slideshow/public/chapbooks_small.jpg?itok=GC6UhMeO" width="590" height="288" alt="" title="Chapbooks" /></a></div><div class="field-item even"><a href="/sites/default/files/codex_in_chemise_small.jpg" title="Codex in chemise" class="colorbox" data-colorbox-gallery="" data-cbox-img-attrs="{"title": "Codex in chemise", "alt": ""}"><img class="cam-scale-with-grid" src="/sites/default/files/styles/slideshow/public/codex_in_chemise_small.jpg?itok=4CSSSosg" width="590" height="288" alt="" title="Codex in chemise" /></a></div><div class="field-item odd"><a href="/sites/default/files/cuneiform_tablet.jpg" title="Cuneiform tablet, dated 2039 BCE, the oldest item in the UL's collections." class="colorbox" data-colorbox-gallery="" data-cbox-img-attrs="{"title": "Cuneiform tablet, dated 2039 BCE, the oldest item in the UL's collections.", "alt": ""}"><img class="cam-scale-with-grid" src="/sites/default/files/styles/slideshow/public/cuneiform_tablet.jpg?itok=S6rEbR_y" width="590" height="288" alt="" title="Cuneiform tablet, dated 2039 BCE, the oldest item in the UL's collections." /></a></div><div class="field-item even"><a href="/sites/default/files/darwin_caricature_small.jpg" title="A caricature of Darwin examining a remarkably familiar-looking ape in the 鈥楪allery of Ancestors鈥�, painted shortly after the publication of Origin of Species." class="colorbox" data-colorbox-gallery="" data-cbox-img-attrs="{"title": "A caricature of Darwin examining a remarkably familiar-looking ape in the 鈥楪allery of Ancestors鈥�, painted shortly after the publication of Origin of Species.", "alt": ""}"><img class="cam-scale-with-grid" src="/sites/default/files/styles/slideshow/public/darwin_caricature_small.jpg?itok=8f6nt0xG" width="590" height="288" alt="" title="A caricature of Darwin examining a remarkably familiar-looking ape in the 鈥楪allery of Ancestors鈥�, painted shortly after the publication of Origin of Species." /></a></div><div class="field-item odd"><a href="/sites/default/files/early_newspapers_small.jpg" title="Some of England's earliest newspapers" class="colorbox" data-colorbox-gallery="" data-cbox-img-attrs="{"title": "Some of England's earliest newspapers", "alt": ""}"><img class="cam-scale-with-grid" src="/sites/default/files/styles/slideshow/public/early_newspapers_small.jpg?itok=mj9Kr3ca" width="590" height="288" alt="" title="Some of England's earliest newspapers" /></a></div><div class="field-item even"><a href="/sites/default/files/first_folio_title_page_small.jpg" title=" 探花直播iconic portrait of Shakespeare by Martin Droeshout, printed at the opening of the 1623 鈥楩irst Folio鈥� containing the most reliable text for 20 of Shakespeare鈥檚 plays." class="colorbox" data-colorbox-gallery="" data-cbox-img-attrs="{"title": " 探花直播iconic portrait of Shakespeare by Martin Droeshout, printed at the opening of the 1623 鈥楩irst Folio鈥� containing the most reliable text for 20 of Shakespeare鈥檚 plays.", "alt": ""}"><img class="cam-scale-with-grid" src="/sites/default/files/styles/slideshow/public/first_folio_title_page_small.jpg?itok=alBtqm7M" width="590" height="288" alt="" title=" 探花直播iconic portrait of Shakespeare by Martin Droeshout, printed at the opening of the 1623 鈥楩irst Folio鈥� containing the most reliable text for 20 of Shakespeare鈥檚 plays." /></a></div><div class="field-item odd"><a href="/sites/default/files/gutenberg_bible_small.jpg" title=" 探花直播book that began the print revolution in Europe; the famous (and immense) Gutenberg Bible printed in Mainz in 1455 by Johann Gutenberg and Johannes Fust." class="colorbox" data-colorbox-gallery="" data-cbox-img-attrs="{"title": " 探花直播book that began the print revolution in Europe; the famous (and immense) Gutenberg Bible printed in Mainz in 1455 by Johann Gutenberg and Johannes Fust.", "alt": ""}"><img class="cam-scale-with-grid" src="/sites/default/files/styles/slideshow/public/gutenberg_bible_small.jpg?itok=xOPPkBHD" width="590" height="288" alt="" title=" 探花直播book that began the print revolution in Europe; the famous (and immense) Gutenberg Bible printed in Mainz in 1455 by Johann Gutenberg and Johannes Fust." /></a></div><div class="field-item even"><a href="/sites/default/files/hawking_brief_history_small.jpg" title="Professor Stephen Hawking鈥檚 typescript of A brief history of time, given to the Library following the tradition of Lucasian Professors back to Newton." class="colorbox" data-colorbox-gallery="" data-cbox-img-attrs="{"title": "Professor Stephen Hawking鈥檚 typescript of A brief history of time, given to the Library following the tradition of Lucasian Professors back to Newton.", "alt": ""}"><img class="cam-scale-with-grid" src="/sites/default/files/styles/slideshow/public/hawking_brief_history_small.jpg?itok=jeyGAfPM" width="590" height="288" alt="" title="Professor Stephen Hawking鈥檚 typescript of A brief history of time, given to the Library following the tradition of Lucasian Professors back to Newton." /></a></div><div class="field-item odd"><a href="/sites/default/files/horn_book_small.jpg" title="Horn book" class="colorbox" data-colorbox-gallery="" data-cbox-img-attrs="{"title": "Horn book", "alt": ""}"><img class="cam-scale-with-grid" src="/sites/default/files/styles/slideshow/public/horn_book_small.jpg?itok=zAYK4MnY" width="590" height="288" alt="" title="Horn book" /></a></div><div class="field-item even"><a href="/sites/default/files/mansur_skeleton_small.jpg" title="A seventeenth-century copy of the first known Islamic anatomical text to include full-body illustrations, Mansur ibn Ilyas鈥檚 1386 Tasrih-I mansuri." class="colorbox" data-colorbox-gallery="" data-cbox-img-attrs="{"title": "A seventeenth-century copy of the first known Islamic anatomical text to include full-body illustrations, Mansur ibn Ilyas鈥檚 1386 Tasrih-I mansuri.", "alt": ""}"><img class="cam-scale-with-grid" src="/sites/default/files/styles/slideshow/public/mansur_skeleton_small.jpg?itok=xUscrbx4" width="590" height="288" alt="" title="A seventeenth-century copy of the first known Islamic anatomical text to include full-body illustrations, Mansur ibn Ilyas鈥檚 1386 Tasrih-I mansuri." /></a></div><div class="field-item odd"><a href="/sites/default/files/mulberry_leaf_note_small.jpg" title="Mulberry leaf bank note" class="colorbox" data-colorbox-gallery="" data-cbox-img-attrs="{"title": "Mulberry leaf bank note", "alt": ""}"><img class="cam-scale-with-grid" src="/sites/default/files/styles/slideshow/public/mulberry_leaf_note_small.jpg?itok=EE9OwpIX" width="590" height="288" alt="" title="Mulberry leaf bank note" /></a></div><div class="field-item even"><a href="/sites/default/files/newton_principia_small.jpg" title="Sir Isaac Newton鈥檚 own copy of the first edition of his Principia, interleaved with numerous additions and corrections in his own hand." class="colorbox" data-colorbox-gallery="" data-cbox-img-attrs="{"title": "Sir Isaac Newton鈥檚 own copy of the first edition of his Principia, interleaved with numerous additions and corrections in his own hand.", "alt": ""}"><img class="cam-scale-with-grid" src="/sites/default/files/styles/slideshow/public/newton_principia_small.jpg?itok=cPbW-elK" width="590" height="288" alt="" title="Sir Isaac Newton鈥檚 own copy of the first edition of his Principia, interleaved with numerous additions and corrections in his own hand." /></a></div><div class="field-item odd"><a href="/sites/default/files/oracle_bone_small.jpg" title="An example of a bone used some three thousand years ago to divine the future, bearing the earliest known examples of Chinese script." class="colorbox" data-colorbox-gallery="" data-cbox-img-attrs="{"title": "An example of a bone used some three thousand years ago to divine the future, bearing the earliest known examples of Chinese script.", "alt": ""}"><img class="cam-scale-with-grid" src="/sites/default/files/styles/slideshow/public/oracle_bone_small.jpg?itok=GPuMGY5-" width="590" height="288" alt="" title="An example of a bone used some three thousand years ago to divine the future, bearing the earliest known examples of Chinese script." /></a></div><div class="field-item even"><a href="/sites/default/files/origin_of_species_small.jpg" title="A copy of the first edition of Origin of species belonging to Alfred Russel Wallace; he has crossed out 鈥榥atural selection鈥� throughout and replaced it with his preferred term 鈥榮urvival of the fittest鈥�. Keynes.M.2.27" class="colorbox" data-colorbox-gallery="" data-cbox-img-attrs="{"title": "A copy of the first edition of Origin of species belonging to Alfred Russel Wallace; he has crossed out 鈥榥atural selection鈥� throughout and replaced it with his preferred term 鈥榮urvival of the fittest鈥�. Keynes.M.2.27", "alt": ""}"><img class="cam-scale-with-grid" src="/sites/default/files/styles/slideshow/public/origin_of_species_small.jpg?itok=nQ25BxjL" width="590" height="288" alt="" title="A copy of the first edition of Origin of species belonging to Alfred Russel Wallace; he has crossed out 鈥榥atural selection鈥� throughout and replaced it with his preferred term 鈥榮urvival of the fittest鈥�. Keynes.M.2.27" /></a></div><div class="field-item odd"><a href="/sites/default/files/palm_leaf_manuscript_small.jpg" title="A manuscript written in 1015 by a monk in Nepal, writing a Buddhist text on leaves from the Borassus palm tree and stored in a neatly ordered pile." class="colorbox" data-colorbox-gallery="" data-cbox-img-attrs="{"title": "A manuscript written in 1015 by a monk in Nepal, writing a Buddhist text on leaves from the Borassus palm tree and stored in a neatly ordered pile.", "alt": ""}"><img class="cam-scale-with-grid" src="/sites/default/files/styles/slideshow/public/palm_leaf_manuscript_small.jpg?itok=rvWBIsGn" width="590" height="288" alt="" title="A manuscript written in 1015 by a monk in Nepal, writing a Buddhist text on leaves from the Borassus palm tree and stored in a neatly ordered pile." /></a></div><div class="field-item even"><a href="/sites/default/files/penguin_paperbacks_small.jpg" title="Some of the earliest Penguin paperbacks" class="colorbox" data-colorbox-gallery="" data-cbox-img-attrs="{"title": "Some of the earliest Penguin paperbacks", "alt": ""}"><img class="cam-scale-with-grid" src="/sites/default/files/styles/slideshow/public/penguin_paperbacks_small.jpg?itok=vZq2bguY" width="590" height="288" alt="" title="Some of the earliest Penguin paperbacks" /></a></div><div class="field-item odd"><a href="/sites/default/files/primate_tree_small.jpg" title="Darwin鈥檚 primate tree of 1868 in which he first controversially proposed that man and other primates share a common ancestor." class="colorbox" data-colorbox-gallery="" data-cbox-img-attrs="{"title": "Darwin鈥檚 primate tree of 1868 in which he first controversially proposed that man and other primates share a common ancestor.", "alt": ""}"><img class="cam-scale-with-grid" src="/sites/default/files/styles/slideshow/public/primate_tree_small.jpg?itok=xjlsAy6P" width="590" height="288" alt="" title="Darwin鈥檚 primate tree of 1868 in which he first controversially proposed that man and other primates share a common ancestor." /></a></div><div class="field-item even"><a href="/sites/default/files/shahnamah_small.jpg" title=" 探花直播world鈥檚 longest poem by a single author, the Sh膩hn膩mah mixes history and myth to create an epic tale of Iranian kings up to the 7th century." class="colorbox" data-colorbox-gallery="" data-cbox-img-attrs="{"title": " 探花直播world鈥檚 longest poem by a single author, the Sh膩hn膩mah mixes history and myth to create an epic tale of Iranian kings up to the 7th century.", "alt": ""}"><img class="cam-scale-with-grid" src="/sites/default/files/styles/slideshow/public/shahnamah_small.jpg?itok=UpoRG7Zx" width="590" height="288" alt="" title=" 探花直播world鈥檚 longest poem by a single author, the Sh膩hn膩mah mixes history and myth to create an epic tale of Iranian kings up to the 7th century." /></a></div><div class="field-item odd"><a href="/sites/default/files/tyndale_bible_small.jpg" title="Translating the New Testament into English was to cost William Tyndale his life; he was executed for heresy after bringing the Bible to his countrymen in their own language. 探花直播image here shows the Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse." class="colorbox" data-colorbox-gallery="" data-cbox-img-attrs="{"title": "Translating the New Testament into English was to cost William Tyndale his life; he was executed for heresy after bringing the Bible to his countrymen in their own language. 探花直播image here shows the Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse.", "alt": ""}"><img class="cam-scale-with-grid" src="/sites/default/files/styles/slideshow/public/tyndale_bible_small.jpg?itok=LMcmKPEm" width="590" height="288" alt="" title="Translating the New Testament into English was to cost William Tyndale his life; he was executed for heresy after bringing the Bible to his countrymen in their own language. 探花直播image here shows the Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse." /></a></div><div class="field-item even"><a href="/sites/default/files/vesalius_manikin_small.jpg" title="Andreas Vesalius鈥檚 ingenious 鈥榩op-up鈥� manikin for the reader to cut out and build, at the end of his revolutionary 1543 Epitome." class="colorbox" data-colorbox-gallery="" data-cbox-img-attrs="{"title": "Andreas Vesalius鈥檚 ingenious 鈥榩op-up鈥� manikin for the reader to cut out and build, at the end of his revolutionary 1543 Epitome.", "alt": ""}"><img class="cam-scale-with-grid" src="/sites/default/files/styles/slideshow/public/vesalius_manikin_small.jpg?itok=eac9cWr7" width="590" height="288" alt="" title="Andreas Vesalius鈥檚 ingenious 鈥榩op-up鈥� manikin for the reader to cut out and build, at the end of his revolutionary 1543 Epitome." /></a></div><div class="field-item odd"><a href="/sites/default/files/zacynthius_small.jpg" title=" 探花直播Codex Zacynthius is a palimpsest bearing two layers of text, the first having been erased and written over in around 1200. It has recently been imaged using multi-spectral techniques enabling the erased sixth-century 鈥榰nder-text鈥� to be visible." class="colorbox" data-colorbox-gallery="" data-cbox-img-attrs="{"title": " 探花直播Codex Zacynthius is a palimpsest bearing two layers of text, the first having been erased and written over in around 1200. It has recently been imaged using multi-spectral techniques enabling the erased sixth-century 鈥榰nder-text鈥� to be visible.", "alt": ""}"><img class="cam-scale-with-grid" src="/sites/default/files/styles/slideshow/public/zacynthius_small.jpg?itok=6w51lWIO" width="590" height="288" alt="" title=" 探花直播Codex Zacynthius is a palimpsest bearing two layers of text, the first having been erased and written over in around 1200. It has recently been imaged using multi-spectral techniques enabling the erased sixth-century 鈥榰nder-text鈥� to be visible." /></a></div><div class="field-item even"><a href="/sites/default/files/img_4866.jpg" title="One of the original 探花直播 chests where the earliest manuscripts of the Library were stored" class="colorbox" data-colorbox-gallery="" data-cbox-img-attrs="{"title": "One of the original 探花直播 chests where the earliest manuscripts of the Library were stored", "alt": ""}"><img class="cam-scale-with-grid" src="/sites/default/files/styles/slideshow/public/img_4866.jpg?itok=EVgMEYC7" width="590" height="288" alt="" title="One of the original 探花直播 chests where the earliest manuscripts of the Library were stored" /></a></div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-cc-attribute-text field-type-text-long field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><p><a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" rel="license"><img alt="Creative Commons License" src="https://i.creativecommons.org/l/by/4.0/88x31.png" style="border-width:0" /></a><br />
探花直播text in this work is licensed under a <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" rel="license">Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License</a>. For image use please see separate credits above.</p>
</div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-show-cc-text field-type-list-boolean field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even">Yes</div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-license-type field-type-taxonomy-term-reference field-label-above"><div class="field-label">Licence type: </div><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><a href="/taxonomy/imagecredit/attribution-noncommercial-sharealike">Attribution-Noncommercial-ShareAlike</a></div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-related-links field-type-link-field field-label-above"><div class="field-label">Related Links: </div><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><a href="https://cudl.lib.cam.ac.uk/collections/linesofthought">Lines of Thought on the Cambridge Digital Library</a></div><div class="field-item odd"><a href="https://exhibitions.lib.cam.ac.uk/linesofthought/">Lines of Thought: virtual exhibition</a></div></div></div>Thu, 10 Mar 2016 08:36:45 +0000sjr81169212 at Newton, Darwin, Shakespeare 鈥� and an envelope of ectoplasm: Cambridge 探花直播 Library at 600
/research/news/newton-darwin-shakespeare-and-an-envelope-of-ectoplasm-cambridge-university-library-at-600
<div class="field field-name-field-news-image field-type-image field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><img class="cam-scale-with-grid" src="/sites/default/files/styles/content-580x288/public/news/research/news/151223-ul-600th_0.jpg?itok=ecXjGtMF" alt="" title="Detail from Vesalius&#039; Epitome, one of the most influential works in western medicine, Credit: Cambridge 探花直播 Library" /></div></div></div><div class="field field-name-body field-type-text-with-summary field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><p>Older than the British Library and the Vatican Library, Cambridge 探花直播 Library was first mentioned by name in two wills dated March 1416 and its most valuable contents stored in the wooden chest pictured above. 探花直播library now holds nine million books, journals, maps and magazines 鈥� as well as some of the world's most iconic scientific, literary and cultural treasures.</p>
<p>Its priceless collections include Newton鈥檚 own annotated copy of Principia Mathematica, Darwin鈥檚 papers on evolution, 3000-year-old Chinese oracle bones, a cuneiform tablet from 2000BC, and the earliest reliable text for 20 of Shakespeare鈥檚 plays.</p>
<p>But is also home to a bizarre assembly of non-book curiosities, collected over centuries, including a jar of ectoplasm, a trumpet for hearing spirits and a statue of the Virgin Mary, miraculously saved from an earthquake on Martinique.</p>
<p>Since 1710, Cambridge 探花直播 Library has also been entitled to one copy of each and every publication in the UK and Ireland under Legal Deposit 鈥� meaning the greatest works of more than four millennia of recorded thought sit alongside copies of Woman鈥檚 Own and the Beano on more than 100 miles of shelves. With two million of its volumes on open display, readers have the largest open-access collection in Europe immediately available to them.</p>
<p>To celebrate the Library鈥檚 600th birthday, a spectacular free exhibition, Lines of Thought, will open on March 11, 2016. Featuring some of Cambridge鈥檚 most iconic and best-known treasures, it investigates through six distinct themes how both Cambridge and its collections have changed the world and will continue to do so in the digital era.</p>
<p>As well as the iconic Newton, Darwin and Shakespeare artefacts mentioned above, items going on display include:</p>
<ul>
<li>Edmund Halley鈥檚 handwritten notebook/sketches of Halley鈥檚 Comet (1682)</li>
<li>Stephen Hawking鈥檚 draft typescript of A Brief History of Time</li>
<li>Darwin鈥檚 first pencil sketch of Species Theory and his Primate Tree</li>
<li>A second century AD fragment of Homer鈥檚 Odyssey.</li>
<li> 探花直播Nash Papyrus 鈥� a 2,000-year-old copy of the Ten Commandments</li>
<li>Codex Bezae 鈥� 5th New Testament, crucial to our understanding of 探花直播Bible.</li>
<li>A hand-coloured copy of Vesalius鈥� 1543 Epitome 鈥� one of the most influential work in western medicine</li>
<li>A written record of the earliest known human dissection in England (1564)</li>
<li>A Babylonian tablet dated 2039 BCE (the oldest object in the library)</li>
<li> 探花直播Gutenberg Bible 鈥� the earliest substantive printed book in Western Europe (1454)</li>
<li> 探花直播first catalogue listing the contents of the Library in 1424, barely a decade after it was first identified in the wills of William Loryng and William Hunden</li>
</ul>
<p>聽</p>
<p>As well as Lines of Thought, 2016 will also see dozens of celebratory events including the library鈥檚 17-storey tower being lit up as part of the e-Luminate Festival in February. Cambridge 探花直播 Library is also producing a free iPad app giving readers the chance to interact with digitised copies of six of the most revolutionary texts held in its collections. 探花直播app analyses the context of the six era-defining works, including Darwin's family copy of On the origin of species, Newton's annotated copy of Principia Mathematica, and William Tyndale's translation of the New Testament into English, an undertaking which led to his execution for heresy.</p>
<p>From October 2016, an exhibition featuring some of the 探花直播 Library鈥檚 most unusual curiosities and oddities will replace Lines of Thought as the second major exhibition of the sexcentenary.</p>
<p>Over the past 600 years, Cambridge has accumulated an extraordinary collection of objects, often arriving at the library as part of bequests and donations. Some of the library鈥檚 more unusual artefacts include children鈥檚 games, ration books, passports, prisoner art and聽Soviet cigarettes and cigars.</p>
<p> 探花直播 Librarian Anne Jarvis said: 鈥淔or six centuries, the collections of Cambridge 探花直播 Library have challenged and changed the world around us. Across science, literature and the arts, the millions of books, manuscripts and digital archives we hold have altered the very fabric of our understanding. Thousands of lines of thoughts run through them, back into the past, and forward into tomorrow. Our 600th anniversary is a chance to celebrate one of the world鈥檚 oldest and greatest research libraries, and to look forward to its future.</p>
<p>鈥淥nly in Cambridge, can you find Newton鈥檚 greatest works sitting alongside Darwin鈥檚 most important papers on evolution, or Sassoon鈥檚 wartime poetry books taking their place next to the Gutenberg Bible and the archive of Margaret Drabble. Our aim now, through our Digital Library, is to share as many of these great collections as widely as possible so that anyone, anywhere in the world, can stand on the shoulders of these giants.鈥�</p>
</div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-content-summary field-type-text-with-summary field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><p><p>In 2016, Cambridge 探花直播 Library will celebrate 600 years as one of the world's greatest libraries with a spectacular exhibition of priceless treasures 鈥� and a second show throwing light on its more weird and wonderful collections.</p>
</p></div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-content-quote field-type-text-long field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even">For six centuries, the collections of Cambridge 探花直播 Library have challenged and changed the world around us. Across science, literature and the arts, the millions of books, manuscripts and digital archives we hold have altered the very fabric of our understanding.</div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-content-quote-name field-type-text field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even">Anne Jarvis</div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-image-credit field-type-link-field field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><a href="/" target="_blank">Cambridge 探花直播 Library</a></div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-image-desctiprion field-type-text field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even">Detail from Vesalius' Epitome, one of the most influential works in western medicine</div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-slideshow field-type-image field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><a href="/sites/default/files/box_small.jpg" title="" class="colorbox" data-colorbox-gallery="" data-cbox-img-attrs="{"title": "", "alt": ""}"><img class="cam-scale-with-grid" src="/sites/default/files/styles/slideshow/public/box_small.jpg?itok=kStDodxx" width="590" height="288" alt="" title="" /></a></div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-cc-attribute-text field-type-text-long field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><p><a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" rel="license"><img alt="Creative Commons License" src="https://i.creativecommons.org/l/by/4.0/88x31.png" style="border-width:0" /></a><br />
探花直播text in this work is licensed under a <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" rel="license">Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License</a>. For image use please see separate credits above.</p>
</div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-show-cc-text field-type-list-boolean field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even">Yes</div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-license-type field-type-taxonomy-term-reference field-label-above"><div class="field-label">Licence type: </div><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><a href="/taxonomy/imagecredit/attribution-noncommercial-sharealike">Attribution-Noncommercial-ShareAlike</a></div></div></div>Wed, 23 Dec 2015 09:45:45 +0000sjr81164512 at A world of science
/research/features/a-world-of-science
<div class="field field-name-field-news-image field-type-image field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><img class="cam-scale-with-grid" src="/sites/default/files/styles/content-580x288/public/news/research/features/151007historyofindianscience.jpg?itok=hXRsQxXv" alt=" 探花直播European in India, 1813 by Charles D'Oyly (1781-1845)" title=" 探花直播European in India, 1813 by Charles D&#039;Oyly (1781-1845), Credit: Private collection/Bridgeman Images" /></div></div></div><div class="field field-name-body field-type-text-with-summary field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><p> 探花直播year was 1789; the place Bengal. Isaac Newton鈥檚 masterpiece <em>Principia聽Mathematica</em> was being translated for only the third time in its already 100-year-old history; this time, into Arabic.</p>
<p> 探花直播author of this remarkable feat of scholarship was Tafazzul Husain Khan. According to a member of the ruling East India Company: 鈥淜han鈥� by translating the works of the immortal Newton, has conducted those imbued with Arabick literature to the fountain of all physical and astronomical knowledge.鈥�</p>
<p>For Professor Simon Schaffer, who has researched the story of Tafazzul鈥檚 achievements, the complex work of translation is deeply significant. Tafazzul worked with scholars in English, Persian, Arabic and Sanskrit language communities in his efforts to connect Newtonian theories with the Indo-Persian intellectual tradition. For Tafazzul was, as Schaffer describes, 鈥渁 go-between鈥�.</p>
<p>鈥� 探花直播鈥榞o-betweens鈥� are the individuals who, across the centuries, have been the cogs that have kept science moving,鈥� he explains. 鈥淭hey are the knowledge brokers and translators, networkers and messengers 鈥� the original 鈥榢nowledge transfer facilitators鈥�. Their role may have disappeared from mainstream histories of science, but their tradecraft has been indispensable to the globalisation of science.鈥�</p>
<p>Schaffer and Dr Sujit Sivasundaram are historians of science with an interest in understanding how the seeds of scientific knowledge have spread and grown. They believe that the global history of science is really the history of shifts and reinventions of a variety of ways of doing science across the world.</p>
<p>They, and others, have called for a retelling of science鈥檚 past, not only to be more 鈥渃ulturally symmetric鈥� but also because the issue has enormous contemporary relevance.</p>
<p>鈥淎 standard tale is that modern science spread around the world from Western Europe, starting about 500 years ago based on the work of those such as Newton, Copernicus and Galileo, and then Darwin, Einstein, and so on,鈥� explains Schaffer. 鈥淏ut this narrative about the globalisation of science just doesn鈥檛 work at all. It ignores a remarkable process of knowledge exchange that happened between the East and West for centuries.鈥�</p>
<p>鈥淪uccessful science is seen to be universal in its applicability,鈥� adds Sivasundaram. 鈥淵et, accounts of scientific discovery, heroism and priority have been part and parcel of a political narrative of competitive ownership by empires, nations and civilisations. To tease this story apart, we focus on the exchanges and 鈥榮ilencings鈥� across political configurations that are central to the rise of science on the global stage.鈥�</p>
<p>Over the past two years, with funding from the Arts and Humanities Research Council, he and Schaffer have undertaken a programme of debates to ask whether a transregional rather than a Eurocentric history of science could now be told.</p>
<p>To do so, they teamed up with researchers in India and Africa, including Professor Irfan Habib from Delhi鈥檚 National 探花直播 of Educational Planning and Administration and Professor Dhruv Raina of Jawarhalal Nehru 探花直播, and in December 2014 held an international workshop at the Nehru Memorial Library in New Delhi. 鈥淎nd now our debate is also being carried forward by a new generation of early-career researchers who came to the workshop,鈥� adds Sivasundaram.</p>
<p>One conundrum the researchers debated was how global narratives of science could have been missed by scholars for so long. It largely stems from the use of source materials says Schaffer: 鈥淚t鈥檚 an archival problem: as far as the production and preservation of sources is concerned, those connected with Europe far outweigh those from other parts of the world.鈥�</p>
<p>鈥淚f we are to de-centre from Europe, we need to use radically new kinds of sources 鈥� monuments, sailing charts, courtly narratives, and so on,鈥� explains Sivasundaram. He gives an example of Sri Lankan palm-leaf manuscripts: 鈥� 探花直播<em>Mahavamsa</em>is a Buddhist chronicle of the history of Sri Lanka spanning 25 centuries. Among the deeds of the last kings of Kandy, I noticed seemingly inconsequential references to temple gardens. This led me back to the colonial archive documenting the creation of a botanic garden in 1821, and I realised that the British had 鈥榬ecycled鈥� a Kandyan tradition of gardening, by building their colonial garden on the site of a temple garden.鈥�</p>
<p>Moreover, says Sivasundaram, the mechanisms of knowledge assimilation are often overlooked. Europeans often accumulated knowledge in India by engaging with pandits, or learned men. 鈥� 探花直播Europeans did not have a monopoly over the combination of science and empire 鈥� the pioneering work of Chris Bayly [see panel] shows how they fought to take over information networks and scientific patronage systems that were already in place. For Europeans to practice astronomy in India, for instance, it meant translating Sanskrit texts and engaging with pandits.鈥�</p>
<p>鈥淰ery often, scientific achievement is used as a standard to measure a country鈥檚 progress because science and technology can intervene in problems of hunger, disease and development,鈥� adds Sivasundaram. 鈥淚f a biased history of science is told, then the past can become what Irfan Habib has called a 鈥榖attlefield鈥�, instead of a 鈥榮pringboard鈥� for future research or indeed for conversation across cultures.鈥�</p>
<p>This is why, says Schaffer, it becomes so important to provide a better account of the worldly interaction between the kinds of knowledge communicated, the agents of communication 鈥� like Tafazzul Husain Khan 鈥� and the paths they travelled.聽</p>
</div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-content-summary field-type-text-with-summary field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><p><p> 探花直播history of science has been centred for too long on the West, say Simon Schaffer and Sujit Sivasundaram. It鈥檚 time to think global.</p>
</p></div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-content-quote field-type-text-long field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"> 探花直播鈥榞o-betweens鈥� have been the cogs that have kept science moving ... their tradecraft has been indispensable to the globalisation of science</div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-content-quote-name field-type-text field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even">Simon Schaffer</div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-image-credit field-type-link-field field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><a href="/" target="_blank">Private collection/Bridgeman Images</a></div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-image-desctiprion field-type-text field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"> 探花直播European in India, 1813 by Charles D'Oyly (1781-1845)</div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-panel-title field-type-text field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"> 探花直播art of listening in</div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-panel-body field-type-text-long field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><p><strong>Knowledge networks were as important to the building of British political intelligence in north India in the 18th and 19th centuries as they were to the diffusion of science.</strong> 聽</p>
<p>No discussion of Indian history, or of the communication and the movement of knowledge, would be complete without reference to the work of the late Professor Sir Christopher Bayly (1945鈥�2015).</p>
<p>Bayly saw the role of Indian spies, runners and knowledgeable secretaries as crucial to the British in helping to keep information and gossip flowing in the 1780s and 1860s. His ground-breaking research uncovered the social and intellectual origins of these informants, and showed how networks of 鈥榞o-betweens鈥� helped the British understand India鈥檚 politics, economic activities and culture.</p>
<p>鈥淥ne overriding reason why the East India Company was able to conquer India鈥� was that the British had learnt the art of listening in on the internal communications of Indian polity and society,鈥� he explained in his seminal work <em>Empire and Information聽</em>(1996).</p>
<p>Ultimately, however, India鈥檚 complex systems of debate and communication challenged the political and intellectual dominance of the British; it was their misunderstanding of the subtleties of Indian politics and values, he argues, that contributed to the British failure to anticipate the 1857 Mutiny鈥揜ebellion.</p>
<p>World-renowned for his enormous contributions to his subject, Bayly was the Director of Cambridge鈥檚 Centre of South Asian Studies until his retirement in 2014, as well as President of St Catharine鈥檚 College, and the Vere Harmsworth Professor of Imperial and Naval History in the Faculty of History.</p>
<p>He completely transformed people鈥檚 understanding of India in the 18th and 19th centuries, explains Professor Joya Chatterji, the Centre鈥檚 current Director: 鈥淐hris has been one of the most influential figures in the field of modern Indian history. Every one of his monographs broke new ground, whether in political, social and economic, or latterly intellectual history.鈥�</p>
<p>His work was increasingly drawn towards 鈥榳orld historical鈥� comparisons and connections; his <em> 探花直播Birth of the Modern World </em>(2004) transformed the understanding of the history of modernity itself, drawing attention to its richly complex, overlapping global roots.</p>
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</div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-show-cc-text field-type-list-boolean field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even">Yes</div></div></div>Thu, 08 Oct 2015 09:20:44 +0000lw355159432 at